The Bill that Was Brought by the Plaintiffs to Prevent Pennsylvania Assignment

The Bill that Was Brought by the Plaintiffs to Prevent Pennsylvania Coal Company - Assignment Example The inferred impediment has a few cutoff points. The law has the aim of ensuring the surface if there should be an occurrence of mining anthracite coal. The assessment of the court recommended that pay must be done to support the demonstration when the harm arrives at a specific greatness. This legitimate move is planned for supporting the demonstration. By and large, the greatest weight is given to the governing body. This implies the law has battled just when the lawmaking body goes past its sacred force. The court held that the demonstration can't be supported as a subject of the police power. This is on the grounds that it ought to never be permitted to make mining of coal monetarily unthinkable or unrealistic. The demonstration is equivalent to decimating the mineral. The legitimate condition in the United States portrays a blended picture (Hay et al, 2005). The administration is distinctly keen on achieving its objectives. This occasionally occurs to the detriment of the private interests. As per the court, the law assumes that the private property must be secured, in this specific circumstance, for the open intrigue. In such cases, pay must be finished. The administration appears to have less enthusiasm for tending to the speculation worries that may be raised. The amazing organizations that yield impressive force are not so much secure. These organizations are dependent upon the key interests of the bureaucratic government’s arrangements (Kulick, 2012). At the point when the insurance of private property rights is reclassified if there should be an occurrence of issues of national intrigue. The court was twisted to accepting that a lot of guideline adds up to a taking. The powerful urge to improve open conditions must be exposed to constitutionalism. This implies private the privately owned businesses must compensation for the change they need. This conclusion demonstrates that the administration organization on issues of national enthusiasm including ground-breaking organizations is even.The significant organizations uncommon have the benefits they anticipate. The lawful condition neglects to consider their normal yield.

Good People By David Foster Wallace Example For Students

Great People By David Foster Wallace David Foster Wallace’s short story â€Å"Good People† utilizes the subjects of division, disconnection, and forlornness to propose how correspondence can beats these mental issues. These subjects, unmistakable in the tale of a youthful couple battling with how to respond to an undesirable pregnancy, are available in a large number of Wallace’s stories, and originate from his own battles and abstract impacts. The idea of division versus solidarity in the story is showed in numerous essential just as unpredictable ways. The focal pressure of the story originates from the situation of the unborn youngster that Sheri Fisher is conveying. The strain originates from the way that Lane Dean and Fisher must choose whether Fisher and the youngster ought to remain genuinely joined together or be for all time partitioned; to have the kid would speak to a lasting solidarity of family in any event among Fisher and the kid, while a fetus removal would be a changeless division. The two fundamental characters are additionally profoundly separated dependent on their point of view. Path Dean, the male character, â€Å"was attempting to make statements that would get her to open up and state enough back that he could see her and read her heart and comprehend what to state to get her to proceed with it† (Wallace). Dignitary is immediately isolated from Fisher, his sweetheart, since his point of view is clearly unique in relation to hers. He is certain that he needs her to get the premature birth, while she seems uncertain. They are additionally isolated in light of the fact that to Dean, his better half is â€Å"blank and hidden† (Wallace), implying that Dean doesn't have the foggiest idea what Fisher is thinking or feeling. The two characters, in this way, can be viewed as secluded from one another. Division is available in symbolism also. Their shadows become â€Å"a two-headed thing in the grass before them†. A brought down tree in the shallows of the lake is â€Å"half hidden† and later it is a â€Å"cloud of branches all half in the water â€Å"The portrayal additionally presents the picture of a brought down tree being isolated and partitioned into pieces as after an ongoing tempest Dean had heard â€Å"the sound of cutting apparatuses all over his parent’s street.† Dean likewise fantasizes about â€Å"an picture of himself on a train, waving precisely to something that got littler and littler as the train pulled away†. This picture obviously shows Dean getting isolated from something he wishes to leave; the â€Å"mechanic† waving suggests an absence of eagerness, thus inferring that the excursion away from the thing on the stage is a detachment that Dean wants. Senior member is additionally truly isolated inside himself. He feels himself to be â€Å"two-hearted, a hypocrite†. He is isolated also between his confidence in â€Å"a living God of sympathy and love and the chance of an individual relationship with Jesus Christ† and the clouded side of the Christian God that identifies with the chance of interminable perdition to Hell, as he begins to imagine â€Å"the edge or blueprint of what a genuine vision of Hell may be†. Further, the vision he has of Hell is one of incredible individual interior division. The vision was: â€Å"†¦of two incredible and awful armed forces inside himself, contradicted and confronting one another, silent†¦ the armed forces would remain that way, unmoving, looking across at one another, and seeing in that something so extraordinary and outsider from themselves that they couldn't understand†¦ solidified that way, restricted and uncomprehending, for all human time.† This entry presents the topic of division, yet in addition the themes of frozenness and tranquility, which identify with seclusion. Dignitary â€Å"hated himself for sitting so frozen† and being not able to assist the circumstance with Fisher. He knows â€Å"something was expected of him that was not this horrible solidified consideration and caution†. This shows the connection among frozenness and a failure to smoothly or fluidly communicate. Senior member needs to discuss obviously with Fisher, in any case, as outlined above, they are disengaged from one another. Frozenness is additionally a characteristic that Dean partners with â€Å"the clear frozenness of his dad, even in chapel, which had once filled him with such pity†. Frozenness and disconnection was something that Dean once felt sorry for, and is something that is particularly melancholy in chapel, which to Dean was a spot that, once more, had to do with his kind, cherishing God and an individual, info rmative and accordingly not-solidified relationship with Jesus. .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f , .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f .postImageUrl , .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f , .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f:hover , .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f:visited , .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f:active { border:0!important; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f:active , .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u80ed277f11bb15d b12de37dcca6cca5f .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u80ed277f11bb15db12de37dcca6cca5f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Consider The Lobster By David Foster WallaceWallace further partners frozenness with uncommunicativeness or division and disconnection through Dean’s relationship with God. Senior member quickly feels something like frozenness or division from others, a â€Å"terrible sort of blankness,† when he first gets some answers concerning the pregnancy, which is identified with his actual emotions about the pregnancy: that he needs Fisher to have the fetus removal. â€Å"He knew this without admitting to himself this was what he needed, for it would make him a wolf in sheep's clothing and liar†. This longing inside hi mself here partitions him from himself, and afterward separates him from God, which is the place being a charlatan originates from; â€Å"he continued considering likewise 1 Timothy and the deceiver therein†. Somewhere else Wallace composes that Dean â€Å"had stirred early and attempted to implore yet proved unable. He was freezing increasingly more solid†. The story closes with a major change: the separation and frozenness of people starts to defrost through correspondence, which assists with achieving a rapprochement between partitioned portions of an entirety. As the story finds some conclusion, Dean is abruptly â€Å"answered,† or spoken with, with a â€Å"vision of snapshot of grace†. This correspondence permits him to break the solidified separation and detachment among him and Fisher, out of nowhere permitting him to see, â€Å"into Sheri’s heart†. Fisher would hold his hands and â€Å"make him take a gander at her† â€Å"to unfreeze him,† as it were utilizing correspondence to break the frozenness of detachment. She is unexpectedly not, at this point partitioned inside herself; â€Å"with her look clear and steady† she chooses to have the child. As this occurs, another gap in the setting changes its inclination. The opposite side of the lake speaks to the duality of the lake’s different sides. Further, Dean portrays the individuals on the opposite side as per their distinction as â€Å"blacks†. After Fisher and Dean start to convey, shutting partitions and defrosting solidified confinement, â€Å"one of the inverse side’s blacks brings his arm up in what might be greeting†. The duality of the sides of the lake is likewise being defeated through correspondence. In the interim, between the time that Dean hears Fisher’s end and concludes how to respond, he is â€Å"neither solidified nor yet moving,† suggesting that the correspondence has unfrozen him and that to start the excursion to something contrary to frozenness and disengagement he should â€Å"move† and impart back to Fisher. He is at last â€Å"moved by pity†, which shows that enthusiastic correspondence breaks the spell of frozenness and disconnection. The story closes with solidarity and division survive, at any rate briefly. Dignitary finds a solitary truth: that he simply needs to have â€Å"simple courage† to bind together himself with Fisher and conclude that he can live with her and maybe love her. He discovers association with his qualities as his supplication for mental fortitude mirrors his considerations on â€Å"what would Jesus even do?† The last expression of the story is unadulterated solidarity and in this way help f

Clear Your Damn Plate

Clear Your Damn Plate I dont own much, but I have a lot to live for. And so do youâ€"but you know this already. Paring down my possessions over the past few years has afforded me more time, more freedomâ€"and less stress. That’s why I’m trying a new experiment next month: I’m going to clear my damn plate (a phrase my mother deployed with vigor) and focus on one thing at a timeâ€"I will place only one thing on my empty plate at a time. There is no physical clutter in my life, but I still get stressed at timesâ€"by self-imposed deadlines, by other people’s expectations, by my own standards of supposed accomplishment, by constant interruptions. But I am in control, just as you areâ€"we must remember that. This is my life, I am in charge, and I have the freedom to do what I want. So next month I’ll clear my plate, and I’ll do only one thing at a timeâ€"all the time. I won’t take my computer with me when I want to read a book, exercise, or visit a friend. I won’t check my phone when I’m eating a meal with someone. I won’t browse email while brushing my teeth. I’ll be in the moment: If I’m on Twitter, I’ll give my full attention to Twitter. If I’m reading a book, I’ll read a book. If I’m writing, I’ll write. If I’m interacting with friends, I’ll interact with friends. I’ll stay focused on the current activity, and I’ll allow no interruptions. I will live my life one moment at a time. The moments of our lives merit our full attention: let’s give our lives the consideration they deserve, and let’s start living more meaningful livesâ€"lives we love. Care to join me? Want to clear your damn plate for a month? If you find value in The Minimalists, consider donating a dollar.

The s Theory Of Biological Naturalism - 937 Words

In this paper I analyze the statement, â€Å"To me, the forest looks a deep shade of green,† from a functionalist perspective, and discuss how it provides a sufficient and an insufficient account of conscious mental phenomena. Functionalism claims that mental states are nothing but functional, causal relations between elements in the brain, such as beliefs and desires, and the external world. First, I analyze the given statement from a functionalist stance. Then, I discuss possible objections to functionalism focusing on the notion of â€Å"qualia† and John Searle’s notion of the Background. Finally, I shall conclude with an analysis on Searle’s theory of biological naturalism, illustrating how it successfully accounts for consciousness and mental states. According to functionalism, mental states are causal states that do not depend on the internal constitution of a particular system, but are defined by their functional roles in the system. It posits that consciousness is equivalent to biological processes that takes appropriate input to cause output behavior. Moreover, because mental states are independent of a system’s internal constitution, the theory permits organisms with non-human physiology to have mental states, as long as they function causally. Hence, the functionalist analysis: the organism in any physical state, visually perceives the forest, which causes a belief in the organism that the forest is a deep shade of green, which in turn functions causally when combined withShow MoreRelatedReductive Materialism792 Words   |  4 PagesReductive Materialism: Reductive materialism is a sub theory or a version of Physicalism. It suggests that sensations of the mind correlate exactly to physical movements of the brain. In other words, every thought or experience which occurs in your mind, can be found as activity in your brain. 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The True Meaning of My Paper Writer

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Evaluation of Three Lesson Plan Templates for ELT Free Essays

Teaching English as a Second Language (ELT) is a demanding job that is currently experiencing too few teachers to fill the jobs out there.   As more and more foreign students enter United States Schools, experienced teachers will be needed to fill these slots.   Thus, training ELT teachers is of the utmost concern for education departments in colleges and universities throughout the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of Three Lesson Plan Templates for ELT or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Clearly, tools, strategies and support must be made available to these new teachers so that they can focus their time on teaching the students.   A good lesson plan template will go a long way in easing the burden on the ELT teacher. This essay will focus on the three lesson plan templates submitted for instructing ELT classes.   These templates will be analyzed and evaluated for the following components:   1) identification of lesson and objectives 2) strategies and methods, 3) equipment and materials needed, 4) use of technology, 5) reinforcement and enrichment, 6) structural format, 7) overall efficiency of use. These criteria are important in the development of a viable lesson plan and will aid new ELT teachers in preparing thorough and appropriate lessons.   After that, the lesson plans will be assessed based on their strengths and weaknesses followed by some overall suggestions for improvement for both the individual lesson plan templates and for all three templates together. General Description Visually this lesson plan provides a large writing space with topic indicators down the left hand margin, except for the date and time in the upper right hand corner.   This lesson identifies the basic class/date/time information.   Then it provides a spot for aims and new lexis.   It then provides a spot for needed equipment, materials and preparation before class begins.   Then the plan gives a two columned table for the method of the lesson and the time it will take.   Finally, the plan gives a spot for the homework and comments on the lesson. Strengths The strengths of this lesson include its inclusion of the new words to learn, which is important to the ELT classroom and the initial mention of the aims, which we can assume are the objectives.   The timing out of each part of the lesson on the table is also important.   One of the most valuable parts of the plan is its reflection section at the bottom.   Comments on the lesson are vital to reworking it for the next presentation. Weaknesses This lesson plan is spaced oddly.   It does not provide enough room for the method section.  Ã‚   Organization seems a bit off as well.   The equipment and materials separate the method of the lesson from its aims and new words of study.   It is hard to tell from the methods section what exactly will be happening; this leaves a lot for the teacher to write in on a daily basis. Suggestions for Improvement I would move the Methods section up under the Aims and New Lexis subheadings.   This way, the entire lesson is presented as a unit rather than broken up by the materials and equipment needed.  Ã‚   I would also consider moving the Before the Class heading to the top, so that it can be completed the day before.   After that, the lesson is still linear.   Also consider this – if the lesson always contains a section for, say, oral repetition of new words followed by visual images of the words, these two subheadings could be typed in to save time in writing out the lesson plan. General Description This lesson plan template uses six horizontal boxes. The first contains basic information like class, room number, date, time and length of lesson.   The second box is dedicated to the aims of the ELT process and includes four categories of these aims:   functional, structural, phonological and skills aims.   Then, the third box lists materials; the fourth box lists aids; and the fifth box provides for an evaluation of the procedure. Strengths The physical layout is very attractive and appropriate for showing clear divisions in the plan.   The separation of the lesson aims into categories is important and reminds the teacher that each lesson needs to meet each of these four components in order to make sure the ELT student fully grasps the concept being taught.   Again, a spot to evaluate the lesson, or components of it, is vital for future planning, and ample space is given for the teacher to do so in this particular lesson plan template. Weaknesses This lesson plan seems to misappropriate the use of space.   It seems that the largest amount of space should go to describing the lesson aims and method, but this does not happen here.   In fact, there is not place listed to describe the actual process and procedure of the lesson plan itself.   There is nothing to indicate what will be happening specifically during the class.   I am not sure how the word aids differs from materials, so this might be unnecessarily repetitive and take up space from other necessary information. Suggestions for Improvement This lesson plan must add a section for specifying each activity and the anticipated time for it.   Without that, there is no way to evaluate how well the lesson went and what changes might be made to it.   The first box is way too large.   That can be condensed by half. General Description The third lesson plan template takes the form of five vertical columns. Above the columns are spots for the general data of class, overall aim, date and time.   Beneath the columns are spaces to list homework and an evaluation of the lesson.   The six columns are labeled as follows:   Activity, Materials and Aids, Time Needed, Skills to be Practised, and Problems Anticipated. Strengths The vertical columns suggest a very linear organization.   Each activity listed in the first column can be tracked across each column, leaving no question as to the distinct identity of each separate activity.   This is the only lesson plan to do this.   Also, the spot to anticipate problems is also very insightful, as lessons rarely go as expected.   Once again, the teacher has a place to evaluate his or her lessons. Weaknesses Again, I think the order of the presentation is a little inefficient.   A reordering of the columns is suggested below.   Also, only one spot is given for an overall aim.   However, most lessons have additional, more specific goals and objectives as well. Suggestions for Improvement I would order the columns in the following way:   Time Needed, Activity, Skills, Materials, and Problems.   This seems to flow natural and will keep the teacher from backtracking.   I would also add a spot for more lesson-specific objectives in addition to the larger, overall aim. Overall Evaluation All of the lesson plans present are an excellent start in preparing a template to use in the ELT classroom.   However, a few additions might improve all of the lesson plans.   As a matter of housekeeping, it is a good idea to have a spot for students who are absent.   That way, make up materials can be collected and distributed very easily without the need to cross check the lesson plan with the attendance book. Next, I would suggest that a spot be added to each lesson plan for reinforcement and for enrichment.   It is entirely possible that some students will need additional work on the basic goals and aims while others master them quickly.   Thus, the reinforcement activities can re-teach the lesson to those slower to grasp it while the enrichment activities can give more challenging work to those that picked up the material faster than others.     Everyone will stay busy while the teacher focuses on those that are struggling. Most educators suggest reserving a spot at the beginning of the plan for review of previous material and again at the end of the plan to review the day’s lesson and preview the next day.   It is easy to forget these things; they can be very easily written into the plan.   One blaring omission in all three of the lesson plans was the omission of the use of technology. While this might be listed under materials, I believe that technology use, especially in the ELT classroom, is an integral part in lesson planning. Audio lessons, video lessons, even lessons on PowerPoint or computer programs used by the students are all significant strategies for students learning a second language.   It is a flaw to omit this design in the lesson plan as many teacher evaluation and certification instruments specifically seek them. Finally, it is always best to have as much space available as one can to write in.   I would suggest that the teachers widen the margins on the documents to that more information can be written in the spaces.  Ã‚     While the lesson plan is best kept to one page, the more writing that the teacher can neatly put on that one page, the better.   It is better to have too much information on the page than not enough. Organization is the key to success for all teachers, and especially the teachers of ELT.   Once the children enter the classroom, there is now time to try to make sense of a confusing or poorly written plan.   Not every plan will work for every teacher, so it may take some time to hit upon the very best template. The best advice is to have a space to write in things you do every day, such as review, homework, preview, reflection etc.   That way you will not forget to include that segment in your lesson.   It is important to keep track of time so that the class time will never be wasted.   Finally, the more specific the plan is, the easier it is to teach. Each of these three plans is certainly on track and with a few minor modifications, they will be ready to use in the classroom.                                                 How to cite Evaluation of Three Lesson Plan Templates for ELT, Essay examples

Motorola Essays - Motorola, Schaumburg, Illinois, Lenovo Smartphones

Motorola Since it first entered the competitive electronic firm market, Motorola has continued to remain successfully as a world leader in mobile communication technology, ranking as the leading maker of cellular telephones, paging devices, automotive semi-conductors, and microchips that are used to operate devices other than computers. Although it has lost a few battles, Motorola has taken on the Japanese head to head, through these times of Japanese competition. In the 1980's Motorola controlled the emerging U.S, Market for cellular phones and pagers but they weren't aggressively focused on competing with the Japanese, even though Japanese firms began to flood the U.S. market with low-priced, high-quality telephones and pagers, leaving Motorola pushed into the background. This is when Motorola ?heard the call to battle.? Managers at first were not sure how they should respond, so they originally decided to abandon some business areas and even considered merging their own semiconductor operations with those of Toshiba. After a lot of searching they decided to fight back and regain the firm's lost market position. This fight involved two main strategies: First learn from the Japanese, and then compete with them. To carry out these strategies, Motorola executives decided to to set a number of broad based goals that essentially committed the firm to lowering costs, improving quality, and regaining lost market share. Managers were then sent out on missions, mainly focused on Japan, to learn how to compete better. Some manager even observed Motorola's own Japanese operations to learn and understand how it fully functioned; while others focused more on how other successful Japanese firms operated. At the same time, the firm also drastically boosted its budget, R&D, and employee training worldwide. One important thing that executives learned from their trip to Japan after viewing a flag flying outside one of its plants was that they had altogether forgotten their old ways of doing business and this is the exact point where they decided to reinvent their firm from top to bottom. Old plants were closed as new ones were built. Workers received new training with a wide range of quality-enhancement techniques. They decided to place their new commitment to quality at the forefront of everything it did. They even decided to announced their goal of achieving a perfection rate of 99.9997% (Six Sigma), and when they actually achieved this level of quality they received the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Motorola has been continuously successful especially abroad in Japan. The firm has 20 offices and has more than 3,000 employees there. It is currently number three in market share there both in pagers and cellular telephones but is steadily approaching number two. Worldwide, Motorola controls 45% of the total market for these products, have regained its number two position in semiconductor sales, and is furiously launching as many new productions that seem to baffle its competitors. Today Motorola generates more than 56% of its revenues abroad. Major new initiatives are underway in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe and the firm has currently made headway in Western Europe against rivals Philips and Thomsom. Motorola has set new and staggering goals for itself. It wishes to take quality to the point where defects will be measured related to billions rather millions. It wants to cut its cycle time tenfold every ten years. And by this year, Motorola wanted over 75% of its revenues to come from foreign markets. Even though Motorola has established and proven itself as a successful company, they have their strengths and weaknesses like every other company. Motorola's strengths are its net sales, its innovation, and marketing and software development. Their passion, openness of executives, Acquisitions, mergers, and business alliances are also part of Motorola's Strengths. Weaknesses of Motorola are the overall quality of its operations, products, and business practices. They seem to generate unhappy consumers and have poor consumer relations. Their products seem to have high numbers of defects while Motorola itself is viewed as being inefficient and has a reputation of lacking a strategy. There also have low employee education, training, motivation, and morale, which is an extremely important aspect. Opportunities that Motorola has are that they can learn from the Japanese, have untapped market opportunities around the world. They also have the

Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2

Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2 Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2 Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay   part  1The costs of caregivingAs their everyday life changes drastically, caregivers face time, work and money loses, putting them into conflict with the surrounding environment. Thus, the US Federal Program providing health insurance to the elderly and special care for them accounts for over 10% of country’s GDP (The National Alliance for Caregiving, 2009). Though medical expenses not covered by insurance companies often are not taxed (like mileage of car trips to a doctor or clinic; prescription drugs and medical equipment, the cost of some meals, etc.), families and those caring for the elderly people still often pay out a lot of expenses of their own pocket, and these costs never get covered by insurance plans. For example, as â€Å"Valuing the Invaluable† research (AARP Public Policy Institute, 2011) states, the value of informal caregiving in 2011 excee ded the value of paid home care at almost $450 billion, which was more than total Medicaid spending in 2009.Besides, 70% of caregivers simultaneously suffer work-related problems due to their caregiving roles (Coughlin, 2010, p. 355), which forces them to reorganize their schedule, decrease working hours, use FMLA law to take a 12-week unpaid forced leave, refuse from a promotion, retire early, or even fully give up work (Gordon et al., 2012; Lai, 2012; Wang, et al. 2013). As a result, according to 10 million caregivers aged over 50 lose nearly $3 trillion having faced the loss of wages, health insurance, retirement savings, social security and other possible or potential benefits (Earle Heymann, 2012, p. 363), whereas the costs of absenteeism are even higher for the U.S. economy, being estimated at over $25 billion due to productivity loss (Witters, 2011). On a whole, approximately 17% of full-time workers who provide care to the elderly skip 126 million workdays annually (Wang, e t al. 2013, p. 1054).Instead, according to AARP Public Policy Institute (2011), caregivers spend on average 20.4 hours per week providing care, while for those who live with the care recipient, this figure is even greater and reaches 39.3 hours per week. In the long term, only 30% of caregivers provide care for less than one year, while in most cases the average duration of caregiving exceeds 4,5 years, with 15% cases of caring for 10 or more years (Lai, 2012). The growth of caregiving duties leads to the significant reduction of caregivers’ private time for habitual activities by 27%, which often presents a several times stronger effect on their personal and family life than the effect on employment (Coughlin, 2010, p. 462). These facts move us to discussing the inner conflicts caregivers experience while performing their roles.Positive and negative aspects of caregiving: Love and sympathy vs. stress and burdenEveryday care for an elderly recipient can bring valuable experie nce but at the same time be a stressful and difficult task. As it was mentioned above, helping the elderly cope with the hardships of aging and life-threatening diseases, caregivers are often put under pressure of demands from work and family along with the emotional, physical, financial and spiritual shock.On the one hand, providing care and assistance bring a feeling of satisfaction and of fulfillment. In particular, it was found by Carbonneau et al. (2010) that 55-90% of family members caring for an elderly relative find in their role some aspects that bring them moral satisfaction. Among others, there are moments of unity, great fun, common insights into the past, vivid memories, close relationships with the elderly forged due to more spare time found for socializing. In caring for elderly relatives, another positive side is the possibility to take care of those you love, those you had lived under the same roof with for quite a while and shared all the hardships of life. Thanks to the efforts of caregivers, family member will look nice, wear one’s own clothes and live in one’s own house, which brings joy to caregivers themselves. Some respondents believe that the implementation of these requirements is a fairly easy thing to do, but as Carbonneau et al. (2010, p. 335) rightfully mark, this lasts until the elderly persons starts showing the symptoms of dementia.Indeed, providing care and assistance for the elderly is not a static process, because this person’s needs change along with the changes in the state of one’s health. At the same time, care recipients inevitably dependent on their caregiver, and consequently, they are vulnerable in terms of attitude and quality of the care and assistance provided by the particular person, while the caregiving process involves continuous change and adaptation in the relationships and in the role of guardian. In particular, in the case of acute disorders or long and intensive care for the el derly many caregivers cannot do without the help of other people with whom they could share (or delegate) their duties. It is, therefore, not surprising that becoming a caregiver a person often raises difficult personal issues of responsibility and duty, compliance with requirements and feeling of guilt which often not only increase the direct load, but also bring indirect effects. For example, as it was fixed by Lai (2010), Lee and Tang (2013), Coughlin (2010), and Gordon (2012), caregiver’s private time is significantly reduced, one is forced to spend energy and funds which could be directed to satisfy other vital needs, moreover, the role of the caregiver can have a negative influence on professional work, social life and relationships with others.Taking into account the extra energy, time and efforts required for patient care, along with emotional loading and significant impact on the support system, it is easy to understand why many caregivers believe that this role sign ificantly affects their welfare. Increasing number of studies on the effect of patient care over the past 20 years allows a deeper understanding of the state of caregivers and provides a solid foundation for individual assessment and intervention in each case. By now, experts have realized and structured the difficulties faced by caregivers treating sick relatives, moreover, statutes and guidelines have been developed that recommend or require paying attention to the needs of caregivers.Thus, several studies (Alzheimer’s Association, 2011; Carbonneau et al., 2010; Lai, 2010) have found that over a third of people taking care of their elderly relatives with dementia experience excessive stress, suffer from depression or other mental illness. They also report of more frequent communicational misunderstandings than people of the same age who are not engaged in care; moreover, in Holstein’s (2010) opinion, these group of caregivers has worse physical health and they take m ore drugs prescribed by doctor than the sample of people matched to them by age. Caregivers with elderly relatives have difficulty in coping with stress, and this becomes the main factor influencing the decision to place them in care homes (Brank Wylie, 2014).Using the latest data, Funk and Stajduhar (2009) have developed a descriptive longitudinal phasic model of care and assistance, based on information from interviews with caregivers supporting people with various stages of dementia. The authors identify the six stages of this model implying: replying on the past; recognizing the needs; accepting the challenge; addressing it; achieving goals; starting over. The basic process of â€Å"stress-assessment-overcoming† (stress recognition and assessment, evaluation of resources and ways to overcome the stress, start of action and its evaluation) occurs at each of these stages. This model encourages doctors to consider the caregiver â€Å"career† in dynamics and adapt the necessary intervention to the appropriate stage of the process. A completely different model was proposed by Bialon and Coke (2012): in their view, caregiver should be guided by the basic, perhaps not clearly expressed, set of beliefs. These beliefs along with the needs of the care recipient affect the goals and objectives of the caregiver. Then the goals and objectives define the set of practical actions and behavior overtaken by the caregiver accompanied by the corresponding emotions and experiences. The advantage of this model is that it focuses on the role of core beliefs and values, and broadmindedness. This makes this model applicable to different circumstances of the caregiver and allows developing interventions corresponding to particular moment, not focusing on stress and onerous duties.When assessing the degree of stress manifestation in a caregiver, it is important to differentiate between objective and subjective burden. As Brannen and Petite (2008) state, objective bur den is the amount of practical support (or work) the caregiver is to provide (or execute) depending on the need of the care recipient in it. Subjective burden is the emotional and cognitive reaction of the caregiver to the situation, as caregivers depending on their interpretation of their own situation may differently perceive the same amount of care work based on tasks they need be fulfill (i.e., the objective burden).Probably the most famous interview to assess the burden is the one designed by Zarit in 1980 (cited in Holstein et al., 2010). It is a questionnaire of 29 items for self-completion and is designed to assess subjective burden. In the original study, the study sample was medium-sized (n=29), and consisted entirely of persons who provided care for relatives with memory problems. The range of possible responses from â€Å"not at all† to â€Å"extremely† is not clearly defined, psychometric features and construct validity of the scale is not clear. Neverthel ess, its face validity is high, it is suitable for caregivers and is widely used. In a carefully executed review of 53 studies on the care of the elderly people with cognitive impairments Bedard and colleagues found that the burden assessment interview (Zarit) (or the value obtained when using it) was used in 25 (47%) studies (Holstein et al., 2010). Conversely, the scale applied by Brank and Wylie (2014) allows estimating the degree of objective and subjective burden of stress caused in a caregiver by a variety of factors. Both scales are long and detailed, therefore they provide detailed reflection of the picture of the support given, as well as the reaction of a caregiver to every aspect of one’s role. Thus, Behavioral Assessment Scale of Later Life is primarily used to assess the behavior, and it does not contain psychometric tests as a component reflecting the response of a person providing care to a sick relative. Nevertheless, it gives a fairly complete picture of the individual and may provide a clinical picture useful for targeted interventions reducing the stress. Carers’ Assessment of Difficulties Scale contains quite good psychometric features and the results allow distinguishing stress experienced in each of the five spheres (for example, the difficulties of providing assistance in everyday routine, and the difficulties associated with caregiver support network). It does not specify the stressors affecting directly the changes in relationships.It is good to know not only the kind of assistance provided by individuals and how it affects their emotional state, but also how they cope with the stress. Bialon and Coke (2012), as well as Brannen and Petite (2008) developed a list of questions, applying Caregivers’ Assessment of Managing Index (CAMI), which allows getting a description (from the words of the caregiver) of methods with which the one copes with stress, and assess whether they are useful when used along with the Caregiv ers’ Assessment of Difficulties Index. Funk and Stajduhar (2009) also developed a scale of ways to overcome the stress associated with care giving that can be used to find out which methods caregivers prefer. It consists of three subscales that reflect different ways of coping with stress.On a whole, stressfulness, manageability and satisfaction level of experiences perceived by a caregiver depend on several factors related to 1) the care recipient (severity of disorders; patients’ behavior), 2) the caregiver and relationships with the patient, and 3) family circumstances. The ability to find meaning in a particular situation allows many caregivers to continue to carry out their responsibilities and get a feeling of satisfaction from them. Research results and opinions of modern authors suggest that caregivers who are able to use different ways to cope with stress adapt to the demands of treatment easier. Some believe that problems solution and active coping with stres s enhance the level of psychological well-being, whereas avoidance or coping with stress through emotional reactions lead to less effective adaptation.Radical forms of conflict: violence against the elderlyViolence against the elderly is another serious social problem that is often left unnoticed. Although this phenomenon is not new, the pace of population aging around the world raise concerns about the fact that the frequency, incidence and complexity of the abuse of elderly people can grow as well. Globally, the number of cases of mistreatment of the elderly is projected to increase, as many countries have a rapidly aging population, whose needs cannot be met adequately due to limited resources. The situation is aggravated by the fact that, in most cases, older people completely depend on their offenders.Basing in Daly (2011) and Anetzberger (2012), the concept of violence in this case often involves intentional or unintentional neglect of duty of care, such as providing inadequat e levels of nutrition, personal care, health care or communication, unwillingness to be next to an old and weak person. In particular, gerontophobic-minded people like the elderly only as long as they can bring at least some benefit. Once there is none, the question occurs of isolation and delimitation of a useless person. There have been also observed extreme instances of gerontophobia when people stop feeding the elderly, do not let them go anywhere or even kick out of the house (World Health Organization, 2011).However, gerontologists have a definite opinion: if an elderly person does not pose a threat to others, one must live in society (Daly, 2011; Anetzberger, 2012). The mistreatment of elderly people entails a number of consequences for both individuals and societies. Victims of such treatment often experience great suffering, and emotionally might never completely recover from the trauma. The person may suffer from an overwhelming feeling of insecurity, disease, anxiety or d epression. According to UNESC (2012), maltreatment, including neglect, also leads to a stronger dependence in executing daily living activities, more frequent visits to trauma services, higher levels of mortality and self-destructive behavior of elderly people suffering from ill-treatment, which may even lead to suicide. For the elderly people the consequences of violence can be particularly serious because they have more fragile bones that take longer to recover. At the level of the society, maltreatment is associated with increased direct costs of health care, case detection and personnel training, as well as indirect costs associated with the loss of social capital and weakening of the ability of people to make a productive contribution to society (World Health Organization, 2011).At the same time, there is no publicly available data about the mistreatment of the elderly that would allow a comparison on an international scale, which complicate the sufficient understanding of the magnitude of the problem, and tracking its trends. In addition, the mistreatment of elderly people remains a taboo subject within their community, and they usually remain silent fearing of explosion of the family member, deprivation of care or placement in a nursing home against their will. As Anetzberger (2012) states, elderly people who have suffered from abuse are usually torn between the feelings they have for their oppressors and the desire to speak about such treatment. Moreover, the identification of abuse of persons with disabilities or reduced capacity for work, for example, Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia, may be even more complex, as these people might not be able to express their need for support (Daly, 2011; Alzheimer’s Association, 2011). That is why, even in countries where reporting of mistreatment is obligatory the magnitude of data underestimation can be significant. According to WHO (2011), the information about the mistreatment are un derestimated by at least 80%. WHO (2011) estimates that about 4-6% of the elderly are subjected to one or another form of ill-treatment at home.Some countries are trying to better understand the current situation by conducting the surveys using different data sources and methodology. For example, France uses the data of national hotline calls for the offended elderly people as an indicator of the actual incidence of abuse. In 2011, the service received 3,850 calls with messages about mistreatment of the elderly, with 75% of reports concerned persons living at home. Extrapolation of these figures shows that maltreatment in France occurs in a ratio of 5% of those aged 65 and older, and 15% of those aged 75 years and older, which corresponds to no less than 600 thousand people (Anetzberger, 2012, p. 15-16). Another noteworthy example is an international study on abuse and health of elderly people in Europe, conducted among persons aged 60-84 in seven European countries (Germany, Greece , Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain and Sweden). The study found that 19.4% of surveyed elderly people suffered from psychological abuse, 2.7% from physical, 0.7% from sexual, 3.8% from financial, and 0.7% from injuries (World Health Organization, 2011). In general, there is an obvious necessity to improve the accessibility of reliable national and international data as a basis for the development of evidence-based policy.Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay   part 3

Nearly 25% of nurses are burned out and here is why

Nearly 25% of nurses are burned out and here is why Calling all nurses: Are you working hard and â€Å"feeling the burn?† No, not from too much activity, but from burnout. If so, then you should take it seriously- burnout is a serious condition that can impact your ability to perform the essential tasks of your job, as well as your physical and mental well-being- both in the short-term and throughout your career. If you’re a nurse and you’re feeling burned out lately, the truth is you’re not alone. Available estimates Indicate that nearly 25% of active nurses are coping with some level of burnout while on the job. Despite being a rewarding and professionally challenging career path with plenty of options and opportunities, the nature of the work nurses do means that they’re particularly prone to experiencing professional burnout at some level, and many nurses are left wondering why this seems like an unavoidable side effect of the job.It’s an especially important topic to address because as pe ople continue to live longer and the median age of the population continues to increase, the need for talented and capable nurses will continue to grow. So, if you suspect that you or someone you know may be experiencing some of the signs and symptoms of burnout or have been for a while and finally want to understand why, then keep reading!The PhysicalLet’s start with the physical nature of being a nurse, which can take its toll on even the strongest and most resilient of individuals. It’s no secret that nurses often work extremely long and grueling hours. 12-hour shifts are not uncommon in the field, and the hours can be erratic- one day a nurse may be working a day shift and another overnight, depending on the need of the facility at which they work, which can really adversely affect sleep patterns and subsequent energy levels. This becomes especially problematic as nurses spend their workdays in physically demanding situations- on their feet, always on-the-go, often engaged in strenuous activity as they work to meet the diverse, and often critically important, needs of their patients. Now stretch out these intense physical demands over the course of an entire career, and it’s no wonder that being a nurse can lead to feelings of burnout.The MentalThe mental demands of being a nurse can be just as draining and problematic. Nurses constantly operate at a heightened level of stress and anxiety and must often make quick decisions regarding their patients that can have serious consequences. Many nurses spend their entire careers in high-pressure emergency situations, and deal with serious life and death situations day in and day out. Given all of these significant pressures, the reasons why nurses are prone to burnout should become abundantly clear.What to look forSome of the more common signs of burnout among nurses are constant fatigue that becomes increasingly hard to shake, a general listlessness and dwindling enthusiasm for the job, a mo od that increasingly reflects feelings of being overworked and under-appreciated, and a compromised effectiveness and ability when performing the various tasks associated with the job.If you or someone you know or work with is experiencing some or all of these symptoms, it’s in your best interest to take them seriously and not pretend they aren’t happening. There are resources available to help nurses deal with burnout- from services available through your employer to personal counseling and stress-reduction activities as well as support groups and more. Simply put, the work of nurses is too important to let burnout take hold and effect job performance. As a nurse, you are constantly in a position to take care of others. Don’t forget to take care of yourself too along the way!

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees Assignment

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees - Assignment Example Parents without adopted children think adoption is a simple process whereby the adopted child has only to seek truth about his or her true parentage. This is not the correct because the child experiences other emotional and psychological effects. In this article, the author outlines common feelings adopted kids have. They feelings include a sense of loss and grief over real parentage, lack of control over life, curiosity about family heritage, feels abandoned, guilt, and fear of rejection. In addition, the writer mentions that the adopted children thinks about how life would have been with the birth parents, feels angered by real parent or adoptive ones and feels unworthy of love and fear getting emotionally involved with other people. However, due to the difference in the adoption situation, some children do not experience the feelings since they are at peace with the adoptive parents. They are exceptional. Despite this, parents should work hard to help children learn and cope with the emotions accompanying adoption

Credit Card Fraud in the UK Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Credit Card Fraud in the UK - Research Paper Example In 1946, John Biggins’ introduced the first bank card called â€Å"Charge-It† which allowed account holders at Biggins bank located in Brooklyn to purchase. The bill is forwarded to Biggins and Biggins pay the merchant, then charge their account holders in return. In 1951, the same system was also adopted by Franklin National Bank in New York. Both systems worked the same but use was limited locally. Diners Club Card was introduced through the initiative of Frank McNamara and his partner Ralph Schneider. By 1951, there were about 20,000 cardholders of Diners Club (Woolsey and Gerson, 2009). It was estimated that the cost of credit card fraud in the United States amounts to around US$750-830 million in 2006 alone or globally at 7 cents per $100 transaction (Mercator Advisory Group, 2008). In 2007, it has been reported that estimate of losses caused by credit card fraud reached some $52.6 billion. Credit card fraud is the misuse of a credit card through theft or another payment system through the illegal source of funds with the purpose to obtain funds or goods without bearing the payment. Physical cards may be stolen or identity data and other relevant information may have been compromised to allow the commission of credit card fraud. Usually, the legitimate cardholder may not be aware of the fraud, and neither does the institution that issued the card (Levi, Bissell, and Richardson, 1991). The cardholder may only start to become aware of theft or fraud once a billing statement has been received which is not delivered daily or weekly, but usually every month (Levi, Bisse ll, and Richardson, 1991).

Object oriented programming with subclasses

Object oriented programming with subclasses Inheritance Polymorphism Given Person class definition below: class Person { private String name; Person(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getName() { return name; } } Design two subclasses of Person, named Student and Employee. Make Faculty and Staff subclasses of Employee. An instance of Student has a class status (freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior). Declare the status as constants in the Student class. An instance of Employee has a department, salary, and date-hired. Define a class named MyDate that contains fields of the year, month, and day. A faculty member has office hours and a rank (lecturer, senior lecturer, associate professor, and professor). A staff member has a position title. Override the toString() method in Person class to display the class name and the persons name. Student class to display class name, students name and class status. Employee class to display class name, employees name, and department Faculty class to display class name, employees name, office hours and rank Staff class to display class name, employees name, position title Draw a class diagram to represent the relationship of the classes above. Using Java to write and implement the classes with regard to the class diagram. Write a test program in Java that creates instances of Person, Student, Employee, Faculty, and Staff, and invokes their toString() method. Write another test program in Java that creates instances of Person, Student, Employee, Faculty, and Staff in an array of Object. Use a repetition statement to call its toString() method. Modify the classes in question (1) above: Add a package ctb2209.p7 to Person class, and then compile all the classes again. Explain the errors and fix it. Design a class named Square that contains data fields for height, width, and an abstract method named computeSurfaceArea(). Create a child class named Cube. Cube contains an additional data field named depth, and overrides computeSurfaceArea() method inherited from its parent method. Implement all the classes. Write an application that instantiates objects of Square and Cube in an array and displays the surface areas of each object using iteration, and test all the methods of all the objects. Create an abstract AutoMobile class with fields for the car make and price. Include get and set methods for these fields; the calculatePrice() method is abstract. Create two subclasses for individual automobile makers (for example, Ford or Honda), and include appropriate calculatePrice() method in each subclass (for example, RM110,000 or RM120,000 respectively). Finally, write an application that uses the AutoMobile class as reference type and instantiate objects of its subclasses to display information about different cars. Save the files as AutoMobile.java, Ford.java, Honda.java and UseAutoMobile.java. Create an interface called Player. The interface has an abstract method called play() that displays a message describing the meaning of play to the class. Create classes called Child, Musician, and Actor that implement Player interface. Create an application that demonstrates the use of the classes. Save the files as Player.java, Child.java, Actor.java, Musician.java, and UsePlayer.java. Sunway Construction Loan Corporate makes loans of up to RM100,000,000,000 for construction projects. There are two categories of Loans those to businesses and those to individual applicants. Write an application that tracks all new construction loans. The application must also calculate the total amount owed at the due date (original loan amount + loan fee). The application should include the following classes: LoanConstants A public interface class. LoanConstants includes constant values for short-term (one year), medium-term (three years), and long-term (five years) loans. It also contains constants for the company name and the maximum loan amount. Loan A public abstract class that implements the LoanConstants interface. A Loan includes a loan number, customer last name, amount of loan, interest rate, and term. The constructor requires data for each of the fields except interest rate. Do not allow loan amounts over RM100,000,000,000. Force any loan term that is not one of the three defined in the LoanConstants class to a short-term (one-year) loan. Create a toString() method that displays all the loan data. BusinessLoan A public class that extends Loan. The BusinessLoan constructor sets the interest rate to 1% over the current basic interest rate. PersonalLoan A public class that extends Loan. The PersonalLoan constructor sets the interest rate to 2% over the current basic interest rate. CreateLoans An application that creates an array of five Loans. Prompt that user for the current basic interest rate. Then, in a loop, prompt the user for a loan type and all relevant information for that loan. Store the created Loan objects in the array. When data entry is complete, display all the loans. Save the files as Loan.java, LoanConstants.java, BusinessLoan.java, PersonalLoan.java, and CreateLoans.java. [Note: java.util.Date and java.text.SimpleDateFormat may needed for your total amount owed at the due date calculation, you may look at the usage of format() and parse() methods of SimplateDateFormat class]

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Multimedia to Enhance Web Sites Cookies & Spyware

Developing websites not only require the knowledge and skills in setting it up in the World Wide Web, but also implementing some elements that help in realizing the purpose of the website, making it attractive and interactive. This aim may be achieved by utilizing multimedia tools and applications in developing the website. Educational website count on multimedia to motivate online users to learn, gaming websites rely on animations for appeal and entertainment, and radio shows available online depend on the quality of audio streaming.Although utilizing multimedia seems to be the most effective way to improve the dynamics of a website to realize its purpose and objectives, it still holds disadvantages both for web site developers, owners, and users. A multimedia website is a dynamic website that utilizes various media of communication and information exchange such as audio and video materials, audio-visual elements, and animations. The objective of injecting multimedia to websites is to improve services and increase its viewers by initially attracting them and keeping them engaged or involved through pure entertainment.It attracts wider populations of online users because it appeals to audio, visual, audio-visual, and kinesthetically motivated individuals. Since multimedia websites are visually attractive overall, first-time visitors become interested and are instantly involved with the elements of the website. (Multimedia Websites, 2005) Aside from these advantages, multimedia websites also allow faster and easier access to larger populations. Access to multimedia websites is not limited to a particular number of online users. Moreover, the content of websites is easily modified when multimedia elements are used.(Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types of Teaching Media that can be used in a Teleclassroom or on the Web, 2008)The disadvantage of multimedia websites lies in its planning, production, and maintenance stages. Establishing multimedia websites are costly and time-consuming. Website developers who utilize multimedia often require longer periods of time for preparation and development, while setting up multimedia websites require adequate amounts of resources. Maintenance is also key in making sure that the website functions efficiently at all times.However, website owners cannot maintain multimedia websites on their own. They need to require the services of website developers, which is again costly. For online users, it would probably discourage them to view multimedia websites because it takes much time for these websites to download. (Multimedia Websites, 2005) In order to harness the benefits and advantages of multimedia, website developers and owners should consider some important factors. Initially, website owners and developers should determine whether there is a need to utilize multimedia, or to utilize multimedia minimally or fully.This requires determining the purpose, goals and objectives, and content of the web site. Some websites should only use audio or visual elements while other sophisticated websites need to use audio-visual and animation elements. The best way to utilize multimedia effectively is to use it judiciously. Website owners and developers would not want to overwhelm online users with complex and overlapping multimedia structures and they do not want to bore them with plain colors and texts either. (Kit & Kuan, 2006)Learning to control the use of multimedia and knowing when it is appropriate to utilize it is a primary consideration. The time and available financial resources should also be considered. In general, multimedia should be used in developing website if the operator or owner operates on multimedia elements. For instance, radio shows made available online need to establish multimedia website on audio elements. Websites hosting videos, such as YouTube. com for instance, need to maintain audio-visual elements of their multimedia website. Gaming websites, on the other hand, need to utilize animations.One reason for utilizing multimedia in websites is when operators or owners need to do promotions and advertisements through audio, visual or audio-visual means. Another reason is if there is a need to increase user participation and population by targeting user attraction and involvement through multimedia. Compare and Contrast Cookies and Spyware Spyware is an application or data that stealthily manage to enter computer systems or networks to spy on information or computer commands or processes recorded in the computer. The purpose of spyware is to obtain information or data covertly.In addition, the characteristic of spyware is naturally malicious. A user cannot delete it completely because it attaches itself to the system and spies on all computer processes and transactions. Spyware may be used to commit cyber crimes such as identity theft, because it collects private data and information. For example, spyware may be used to collect online bankin g information. Collected data will be used to conduct malicious transactions. (Olsen, 2005) Cookies, on the other hand, are information stored within the computer system.However, cookies are simply recorded for retrieval of information. For instance, cookies may retrieve user names or passwords when logging-in visited websites. (Cookies – Not Spyware, 2008) Cookies, unlike spyware, do not steal but simply make data records (Olsen, 2005) Although cookies seem to be harmless, it may be used instantly to serve the purpose of spywares. This depends on how cookies will be manipulated. For instance, if two people are sharing in one computer, the other might view cookies installed in the computer to determine what websites the other person has been visiting.He may also be able to access private e-mails or accounts on other websites, if the cookies allow automatic user name and password retrieval, and such. Moreover, that person might be able to open online accounts using the persona l information of the other person who he is sharing the computer with. Therefore, although cookies are normally harmless, people might use them to accomplish malicious activities such as identity theft or invasion of privacy. (Cookies – Not Spyware, 2008)

Horrific Events Of Witch Trails - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1415 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Salem Witch Trials Essay Did you like this example? The town of Salem Massachusetts, was founded in 1626 by Roger and a group of migrants. The settlements first name was Naumkeag, but they name was too hard so they called it Salem. The word Salem comes from the hebrew word for peace. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Horrific Events Of Witch Trails" essay for you Create order Salem a small and peace full town right on the great Atlantic Sea. Little do people know but this small town has a very, very dark history, which will be a permanent stain in Americas history. The name that would go down in many of our history books would be the name Salem Witch Trial, these horrific events happened from February of 1692 to May of 1693. Over this course of time more 200 people would be accused of being witches. The first witch accusation was in 1692 when a doctor diagnosed 7 teenage girls as being bewitched. More than 200 people will be accused and 19 people will be executed from those accusations. This was not one of the first time there have been witch trials in massachusetts, there was a previous 12 others were executed in the early 17 century. But Salem was by far the worst and most famous. Despite being known as the Salem Witch Trials the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in several towns some were in Salem Village, Salem Town, Ipswich and Andover. The most famous trials were conducted in the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town. Some people believe that there was so much hysteria because of their religious beliefs the town of Salem was a Puritan town they had very strong religious beliefs. A famous trial, and one of the first was the Sarah good trial. Sarah good was born in 1653 and was a daughter of a well off innkeeper. When her father died 1672 he left the family in debut. Her mother quickly married to a new husband, and paid off the debut, but as a result most of the family which were 2 sons and 7 daughter most of which never saw and of their late fathers estate. Sarah good married a former endenchered servant Daniel Poole. Poole died in in 1682 and left Sarah in more debut. Sarah then married her second husband William Good and he was held responsible for paying off her debuts his land was taken and Sarah and William became homeless. Sarah was one of the first 3 woman to be accused of witchcraft in Salem. She was charged with witchcraft after being identified as a witch by Tituba. She Fit the prevailing stereotype of of the malefic witch. Sarah Good would curse out towns people who would not give to her when she would beg on the streets. This brought in a lot of t estaments against her during her trial. The worst part of this trial was when Sarahrs child Dorcas Good, she was arrested and gave a confession which implicated Sarah as a witch. During the trail Sarah was described as forlorn and friendless and a broken down creature. Sarah was presumed guilty from the beginning of the trial and the courts mind was made up even before the trail started. Sarah Good was executed in July 19. In the Sarah good trial it there was no real evidence against her beside fingers being pointed at her. In my opinion they just accused her as a witch because they just wanted to get rid of her, the towns people didnt like and she was homeless and a bum. They just used the opportunity to get rid of her. Plus since the town of Salem were heavy believer in the puritan religion that it was easy to convince the town she was a sinner for being a witch. Another famous trail was the trail of Rebback nurse, this trail was one of the Salem Witch trials most famous and well known events. Rebback was a 71 year old grandmother, wife and local artisan. Rebback was arrested on March 24, 1692 after she was accused of being a witch. At the age of 71 she was accused of being a witch. Rebback was also sisters with a accused witch whose name was Mary Easty. Unlike Sarah Good Rebback was considered an upstanding citizen in Salem. She was accused of witchcraft by a woman whose name was Ann Putnam Jr and Abigail William and several others in Salem Village, Including the towns Reverend Deodat Lawson, who sai d Nursers spirit had been tormenting Ann Putnamrs home. During the trail which happened in June of 1692 Rebback nurse was found not guilty. This verdict was found not surprising to many because she was well liked and was upstanding. Also 39 people signed a petition to support her during her trial. But after the judge read the not guilty verdict the accusers of Rebback Nurse started to have fits and started to cry out her name. Then when Goody Hobbs was on trail he said Rebback nurse was one of them witch to the court meant she was a witch. Rebback Nurse wrote a statement saying she was one of them being a prisoner not a one of them being a witch. Then on July 3 1692 Rebback Nurse was arrested again after she was just freed and was convicted of being a witch. She was taken to the front of the local church for a public excommunicated. Which is essentially a public exacation. Later that night her son rowed out into the bay to claim his mothers body so she could have a proper christian burial. Like many witches there was no real actual eviden ce against her besides a group of people just accusing her of being a witch. Manu believe that Rebback Nurse and the Putnam family had a family feud and that they falsely accused her in the beginning. They just wanted to win there silly feud. That was the scary part about these times you could virtually just say someone was a witch and they would be arrested and executed. These punishment were only extreme because of the religion at the time and the hastara around the witch trial. The Salem Witch trials were one of Americas darkest times in our history. There have been many theories and conspiracies around these events. One conspiracy is that the first victim of witchCraft was actual suffering from epilepsy and or boredom to ergot poisoning(due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus that infects rye), that is one of researches most suspected theories to the beginning of these event. Others say that many of the so called victims could have just fakes there symptoms for any number of reasons like a feud between families to almost anything. The second most common one is that a number of victims could have been suffering from a number of mental ailments. These was called mass conversion disorder it was a psychological disorder that was said to make a return 300 years after the trails. This could occur when people minds are in such mental anguish for any number of reasons that there mental ailments become physical. Hense cause t he shaking and foaming at the mouth and sickness. The results of the trails were quite surprising, Judge Samuel Sewall publicly confessed error and guilt. In 1702 the court declared the trails unlawful, and in 1711 the colony passed a bill restoring the rights and good names of those accused and granted 600 to their heirs. It was not until 1957 more than 250 years later that the Massachusetts apologized for the events of 1692. Which I think is quiet observed and seems a bit shameful that it took hundreds of year for them to apologize. The Salem Witch trials were a dark day in American history. These trials can be an example of exactly how powerful religion can be and was back in the 1600rs. In my opinion religion was the main cause for the mass hysteria, the people of Salem didnt did have the medilogical knowledge to explain it so society blamed it on religion. It could easily be backed up because the area at the time including Salema and surrounding towns had strong Puritans connections and beliefs. They could just blame someone and say they were a witch and didnt believe in Puritans beliefs and the court which was Puritans had no guilt handing out death sentences, plus the people usually accused were considered town charity cases and beggars and noises to the town much like Sarah Good. In conclusion I think there was no need for these trails and loss for human life and the 200 plus people accused of witchcraft should have lived.

Separation of Powers A System of Checks and Balances

The governmental concept of separation of powers enforced through a series of checks and balances was incorporated into the U.S. Constitution to ensure that no single person or branch of the new government could ever become too powerful. The system of checks and balances is intended to make sure that no branch or department of the federal government be allowed to exceed its bounds, to guard against fraud, and to allow for the timely correction of errors or omissions. Indeed, the system of checks and balances is intended to act as a sort of sentry over the separation of powers, balancing the authorities of the separate branches of government. In practical use, the authority to take a given action rests with one department, while the responsibility to verify the appropriateness and legality of that action rests with another. Founding Fathers like James Madison knew all too well from hard experience the dangers of unchecked power in government. Or as Madison himself put it, â€Å"The truth is that all men having power ought to be mistrusted.† Madison and his fellow framers believed that in creating any government administered by humans over humans, â€Å"You must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place, oblige it to control itself.† The concept of separation of powers, or â€Å"trias politica† dates to  18th century France, when social and political philosopher Montesquieu published his famed Spirit of the Laws. Considered one of the greatest works in the history of political theory and jurisprudence, Spirit of the Laws is believed to have inspired both the Declaration of the Rights and the Constitution. Indeed, the model of government conceived by Montesquieu had divided the political authority of the state into executive, legislative, and judicial powers. He asserted that ensuring that the three powers operate separately and independently was the key to liberty. In American government, these three powers of the three branches are: The legislative branch enacts the nation’s laws.The executive branch implements and enforces the laws enacted by the legislative branch.The judicial branch interprets the laws in reference to the Constitution and applies its interpretations to legal controversies involving the laws. So well-accepted is the concept of separation of powers, that the constitutions of 40 states specify that their governments be divided into similarly empowers legislative, executive, and judicial branches.   Three Branches, Separate But Equal In the provision of the three branches of governmental power—legislative, executive, and judicial – into the Constitution, the framers built their vision of a stable federal government as assured by a system of separation of powers with checks and balances. As Madison wrote in the Federalist Papers No. 51, published in 1788, â€Å"The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive and judicial in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self–appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.† In both theory and practice, the power of each branch of American government is held in check by the powers of the other two in several ways. For example, while the President of the United States (executive branch) can veto laws passed by Congress (legislative branch), Congress can override presidential vetoes with a two-thirds vote of both houses. Similarly, the Supreme Court (judicial branch) can nullify laws passed by Congress by ruling them to be unconstitutional. However, the Supreme Court’s power is balanced by the fact that its presiding judges must be appointed by the president with the approval of the Senate. Specific examples of separation of powers through checks and balances include: Executive Branch Checks and Balances on the Legislative Branch President has the power to veto laws passed by CongressCan propose  new laws to CongressSubmits the Federal Budget to the House of RepresentativesAppoints federal officials, who carry out and enforce laws Executive Branch Checks and Balances on the Judicial Branch Nominates judges to the Supreme CourtNominates judges to the federal court systemPresident has the power to pardon or grant amnesty to persons convicted of crimes Legislative Branch Checks and Balances on the Executive Branch Congress can override presidential vetoes with a 2/3 vote of both chambersSenate can reject proposed treaties with a 2/3 voteSenate can reject presidential nominations of federal officials or judgesCongress can impeach and remove the president (House serves as prosecution, Senate serves as jury) Legislative Branch Checks  and Balances on the Judicial Branch Congress can create lower courtsSenate can reject nominees to the federal courts and Supreme CourtCongress can amend the Constitution to overturn decisions of the Supreme CourtCongress can impeach judges of the lower federal courts Judicial Branch Checks  and Balances on the Executive Branch Supreme Court can use the power of judicial review to rule laws unconstitutional Judicial Branch Checks  and Balances on the Legislative Branch Supreme Court can use the power of judicial review to rule presidential actions unconstitutionalSupreme Court can use the power of judicial review to rule treaties unconstitutional But Are the Branches Truly Equal? Over the years, the executive branch has—often controversially—attempted to expand its authority over the legislative and judicial branches. After the Civil War, the executive branch sought to expand the scope of the constitutional powers granted to the president as Commander in Chief of a standing army. Other more recent examples of largely unchecked executive branch powers include: the power to issue executive orders;the power to declare local and national emergencies;the power to grant and revoke security classifications;the power grant presidential pardons for federal crimes;the power to issue presidential bill signing statements; andthe power to withhold information from Congress through executive privilege. Some people argue that there are more checks or limitations on the power of the legislative branch than over the other two branches. For example, both the executive and judicial branches can override or nullify the laws it passes. While they are basically correct, it is how the Founding Fathers intended. Our system of separation of powers through checks and balances reflects the Founders’ interpretation of a republican form of government in which the legislative or lawmaking branch, as the most powerful branch, must also be the most restrained. The Founders believed this because the Constitution grants â€Å"We the People† the power to govern ourselves through the very laws we demand of the representatives we elect to the legislative branch. Or as James Madison put it in Federalist No. 48, â€Å"The legislative derives superiority†¦ [i]ts constitutional powers [are] more extensive, and less susceptible to precise limits†¦ [it] is not possible to give each [branch] an equal [number of checks on the other branches]†