Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2

Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2 Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2 Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay   part  1The costs of caregivingAs their everyday life changes drastically, caregivers face time, work and money loses, putting them into conflict with the surrounding environment. Thus, the US Federal Program providing health insurance to the elderly and special care for them accounts for over 10% of country’s GDP (The National Alliance for Caregiving, 2009). Though medical expenses not covered by insurance companies often are not taxed (like mileage of car trips to a doctor or clinic; prescription drugs and medical equipment, the cost of some meals, etc.), families and those caring for the elderly people still often pay out a lot of expenses of their own pocket, and these costs never get covered by insurance plans. For example, as â€Å"Valuing the Invaluable† research (AARP Public Policy Institute, 2011) states, the value of informal caregiving in 2011 excee ded the value of paid home care at almost $450 billion, which was more than total Medicaid spending in 2009.Besides, 70% of caregivers simultaneously suffer work-related problems due to their caregiving roles (Coughlin, 2010, p. 355), which forces them to reorganize their schedule, decrease working hours, use FMLA law to take a 12-week unpaid forced leave, refuse from a promotion, retire early, or even fully give up work (Gordon et al., 2012; Lai, 2012; Wang, et al. 2013). As a result, according to 10 million caregivers aged over 50 lose nearly $3 trillion having faced the loss of wages, health insurance, retirement savings, social security and other possible or potential benefits (Earle Heymann, 2012, p. 363), whereas the costs of absenteeism are even higher for the U.S. economy, being estimated at over $25 billion due to productivity loss (Witters, 2011). On a whole, approximately 17% of full-time workers who provide care to the elderly skip 126 million workdays annually (Wang, e t al. 2013, p. 1054).Instead, according to AARP Public Policy Institute (2011), caregivers spend on average 20.4 hours per week providing care, while for those who live with the care recipient, this figure is even greater and reaches 39.3 hours per week. In the long term, only 30% of caregivers provide care for less than one year, while in most cases the average duration of caregiving exceeds 4,5 years, with 15% cases of caring for 10 or more years (Lai, 2012). The growth of caregiving duties leads to the significant reduction of caregivers’ private time for habitual activities by 27%, which often presents a several times stronger effect on their personal and family life than the effect on employment (Coughlin, 2010, p. 462). These facts move us to discussing the inner conflicts caregivers experience while performing their roles.Positive and negative aspects of caregiving: Love and sympathy vs. stress and burdenEveryday care for an elderly recipient can bring valuable experie nce but at the same time be a stressful and difficult task. As it was mentioned above, helping the elderly cope with the hardships of aging and life-threatening diseases, caregivers are often put under pressure of demands from work and family along with the emotional, physical, financial and spiritual shock.On the one hand, providing care and assistance bring a feeling of satisfaction and of fulfillment. In particular, it was found by Carbonneau et al. (2010) that 55-90% of family members caring for an elderly relative find in their role some aspects that bring them moral satisfaction. Among others, there are moments of unity, great fun, common insights into the past, vivid memories, close relationships with the elderly forged due to more spare time found for socializing. In caring for elderly relatives, another positive side is the possibility to take care of those you love, those you had lived under the same roof with for quite a while and shared all the hardships of life. Thanks to the efforts of caregivers, family member will look nice, wear one’s own clothes and live in one’s own house, which brings joy to caregivers themselves. Some respondents believe that the implementation of these requirements is a fairly easy thing to do, but as Carbonneau et al. (2010, p. 335) rightfully mark, this lasts until the elderly persons starts showing the symptoms of dementia.Indeed, providing care and assistance for the elderly is not a static process, because this person’s needs change along with the changes in the state of one’s health. At the same time, care recipients inevitably dependent on their caregiver, and consequently, they are vulnerable in terms of attitude and quality of the care and assistance provided by the particular person, while the caregiving process involves continuous change and adaptation in the relationships and in the role of guardian. In particular, in the case of acute disorders or long and intensive care for the el derly many caregivers cannot do without the help of other people with whom they could share (or delegate) their duties. It is, therefore, not surprising that becoming a caregiver a person often raises difficult personal issues of responsibility and duty, compliance with requirements and feeling of guilt which often not only increase the direct load, but also bring indirect effects. For example, as it was fixed by Lai (2010), Lee and Tang (2013), Coughlin (2010), and Gordon (2012), caregiver’s private time is significantly reduced, one is forced to spend energy and funds which could be directed to satisfy other vital needs, moreover, the role of the caregiver can have a negative influence on professional work, social life and relationships with others.Taking into account the extra energy, time and efforts required for patient care, along with emotional loading and significant impact on the support system, it is easy to understand why many caregivers believe that this role sign ificantly affects their welfare. Increasing number of studies on the effect of patient care over the past 20 years allows a deeper understanding of the state of caregivers and provides a solid foundation for individual assessment and intervention in each case. By now, experts have realized and structured the difficulties faced by caregivers treating sick relatives, moreover, statutes and guidelines have been developed that recommend or require paying attention to the needs of caregivers.Thus, several studies (Alzheimer’s Association, 2011; Carbonneau et al., 2010; Lai, 2010) have found that over a third of people taking care of their elderly relatives with dementia experience excessive stress, suffer from depression or other mental illness. They also report of more frequent communicational misunderstandings than people of the same age who are not engaged in care; moreover, in Holstein’s (2010) opinion, these group of caregivers has worse physical health and they take m ore drugs prescribed by doctor than the sample of people matched to them by age. Caregivers with elderly relatives have difficulty in coping with stress, and this becomes the main factor influencing the decision to place them in care homes (Brank Wylie, 2014).Using the latest data, Funk and Stajduhar (2009) have developed a descriptive longitudinal phasic model of care and assistance, based on information from interviews with caregivers supporting people with various stages of dementia. The authors identify the six stages of this model implying: replying on the past; recognizing the needs; accepting the challenge; addressing it; achieving goals; starting over. The basic process of â€Å"stress-assessment-overcoming† (stress recognition and assessment, evaluation of resources and ways to overcome the stress, start of action and its evaluation) occurs at each of these stages. This model encourages doctors to consider the caregiver â€Å"career† in dynamics and adapt the necessary intervention to the appropriate stage of the process. A completely different model was proposed by Bialon and Coke (2012): in their view, caregiver should be guided by the basic, perhaps not clearly expressed, set of beliefs. These beliefs along with the needs of the care recipient affect the goals and objectives of the caregiver. Then the goals and objectives define the set of practical actions and behavior overtaken by the caregiver accompanied by the corresponding emotions and experiences. The advantage of this model is that it focuses on the role of core beliefs and values, and broadmindedness. This makes this model applicable to different circumstances of the caregiver and allows developing interventions corresponding to particular moment, not focusing on stress and onerous duties.When assessing the degree of stress manifestation in a caregiver, it is important to differentiate between objective and subjective burden. As Brannen and Petite (2008) state, objective bur den is the amount of practical support (or work) the caregiver is to provide (or execute) depending on the need of the care recipient in it. Subjective burden is the emotional and cognitive reaction of the caregiver to the situation, as caregivers depending on their interpretation of their own situation may differently perceive the same amount of care work based on tasks they need be fulfill (i.e., the objective burden).Probably the most famous interview to assess the burden is the one designed by Zarit in 1980 (cited in Holstein et al., 2010). It is a questionnaire of 29 items for self-completion and is designed to assess subjective burden. In the original study, the study sample was medium-sized (n=29), and consisted entirely of persons who provided care for relatives with memory problems. The range of possible responses from â€Å"not at all† to â€Å"extremely† is not clearly defined, psychometric features and construct validity of the scale is not clear. Neverthel ess, its face validity is high, it is suitable for caregivers and is widely used. In a carefully executed review of 53 studies on the care of the elderly people with cognitive impairments Bedard and colleagues found that the burden assessment interview (Zarit) (or the value obtained when using it) was used in 25 (47%) studies (Holstein et al., 2010). Conversely, the scale applied by Brank and Wylie (2014) allows estimating the degree of objective and subjective burden of stress caused in a caregiver by a variety of factors. Both scales are long and detailed, therefore they provide detailed reflection of the picture of the support given, as well as the reaction of a caregiver to every aspect of one’s role. Thus, Behavioral Assessment Scale of Later Life is primarily used to assess the behavior, and it does not contain psychometric tests as a component reflecting the response of a person providing care to a sick relative. Nevertheless, it gives a fairly complete picture of the individual and may provide a clinical picture useful for targeted interventions reducing the stress. Carers’ Assessment of Difficulties Scale contains quite good psychometric features and the results allow distinguishing stress experienced in each of the five spheres (for example, the difficulties of providing assistance in everyday routine, and the difficulties associated with caregiver support network). It does not specify the stressors affecting directly the changes in relationships.It is good to know not only the kind of assistance provided by individuals and how it affects their emotional state, but also how they cope with the stress. Bialon and Coke (2012), as well as Brannen and Petite (2008) developed a list of questions, applying Caregivers’ Assessment of Managing Index (CAMI), which allows getting a description (from the words of the caregiver) of methods with which the one copes with stress, and assess whether they are useful when used along with the Caregiv ers’ Assessment of Difficulties Index. Funk and Stajduhar (2009) also developed a scale of ways to overcome the stress associated with care giving that can be used to find out which methods caregivers prefer. It consists of three subscales that reflect different ways of coping with stress.On a whole, stressfulness, manageability and satisfaction level of experiences perceived by a caregiver depend on several factors related to 1) the care recipient (severity of disorders; patients’ behavior), 2) the caregiver and relationships with the patient, and 3) family circumstances. The ability to find meaning in a particular situation allows many caregivers to continue to carry out their responsibilities and get a feeling of satisfaction from them. Research results and opinions of modern authors suggest that caregivers who are able to use different ways to cope with stress adapt to the demands of treatment easier. Some believe that problems solution and active coping with stres s enhance the level of psychological well-being, whereas avoidance or coping with stress through emotional reactions lead to less effective adaptation.Radical forms of conflict: violence against the elderlyViolence against the elderly is another serious social problem that is often left unnoticed. Although this phenomenon is not new, the pace of population aging around the world raise concerns about the fact that the frequency, incidence and complexity of the abuse of elderly people can grow as well. Globally, the number of cases of mistreatment of the elderly is projected to increase, as many countries have a rapidly aging population, whose needs cannot be met adequately due to limited resources. The situation is aggravated by the fact that, in most cases, older people completely depend on their offenders.Basing in Daly (2011) and Anetzberger (2012), the concept of violence in this case often involves intentional or unintentional neglect of duty of care, such as providing inadequat e levels of nutrition, personal care, health care or communication, unwillingness to be next to an old and weak person. In particular, gerontophobic-minded people like the elderly only as long as they can bring at least some benefit. Once there is none, the question occurs of isolation and delimitation of a useless person. There have been also observed extreme instances of gerontophobia when people stop feeding the elderly, do not let them go anywhere or even kick out of the house (World Health Organization, 2011).However, gerontologists have a definite opinion: if an elderly person does not pose a threat to others, one must live in society (Daly, 2011; Anetzberger, 2012). The mistreatment of elderly people entails a number of consequences for both individuals and societies. Victims of such treatment often experience great suffering, and emotionally might never completely recover from the trauma. The person may suffer from an overwhelming feeling of insecurity, disease, anxiety or d epression. According to UNESC (2012), maltreatment, including neglect, also leads to a stronger dependence in executing daily living activities, more frequent visits to trauma services, higher levels of mortality and self-destructive behavior of elderly people suffering from ill-treatment, which may even lead to suicide. For the elderly people the consequences of violence can be particularly serious because they have more fragile bones that take longer to recover. At the level of the society, maltreatment is associated with increased direct costs of health care, case detection and personnel training, as well as indirect costs associated with the loss of social capital and weakening of the ability of people to make a productive contribution to society (World Health Organization, 2011).At the same time, there is no publicly available data about the mistreatment of the elderly that would allow a comparison on an international scale, which complicate the sufficient understanding of the magnitude of the problem, and tracking its trends. In addition, the mistreatment of elderly people remains a taboo subject within their community, and they usually remain silent fearing of explosion of the family member, deprivation of care or placement in a nursing home against their will. As Anetzberger (2012) states, elderly people who have suffered from abuse are usually torn between the feelings they have for their oppressors and the desire to speak about such treatment. Moreover, the identification of abuse of persons with disabilities or reduced capacity for work, for example, Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia, may be even more complex, as these people might not be able to express their need for support (Daly, 2011; Alzheimer’s Association, 2011). That is why, even in countries where reporting of mistreatment is obligatory the magnitude of data underestimation can be significant. According to WHO (2011), the information about the mistreatment are un derestimated by at least 80%. WHO (2011) estimates that about 4-6% of the elderly are subjected to one or another form of ill-treatment at home.Some countries are trying to better understand the current situation by conducting the surveys using different data sources and methodology. For example, France uses the data of national hotline calls for the offended elderly people as an indicator of the actual incidence of abuse. In 2011, the service received 3,850 calls with messages about mistreatment of the elderly, with 75% of reports concerned persons living at home. Extrapolation of these figures shows that maltreatment in France occurs in a ratio of 5% of those aged 65 and older, and 15% of those aged 75 years and older, which corresponds to no less than 600 thousand people (Anetzberger, 2012, p. 15-16). Another noteworthy example is an international study on abuse and health of elderly people in Europe, conducted among persons aged 60-84 in seven European countries (Germany, Greece , Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain and Sweden). The study found that 19.4% of surveyed elderly people suffered from psychological abuse, 2.7% from physical, 0.7% from sexual, 3.8% from financial, and 0.7% from injuries (World Health Organization, 2011). In general, there is an obvious necessity to improve the accessibility of reliable national and international data as a basis for the development of evidence-based policy.Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay   part 3

Nearly 25% of nurses are burned out and here is why

Nearly 25% of nurses are burned out and here is why Calling all nurses: Are you working hard and â€Å"feeling the burn?† No, not from too much activity, but from burnout. If so, then you should take it seriously- burnout is a serious condition that can impact your ability to perform the essential tasks of your job, as well as your physical and mental well-being- both in the short-term and throughout your career. If you’re a nurse and you’re feeling burned out lately, the truth is you’re not alone. Available estimates Indicate that nearly 25% of active nurses are coping with some level of burnout while on the job. Despite being a rewarding and professionally challenging career path with plenty of options and opportunities, the nature of the work nurses do means that they’re particularly prone to experiencing professional burnout at some level, and many nurses are left wondering why this seems like an unavoidable side effect of the job.It’s an especially important topic to address because as pe ople continue to live longer and the median age of the population continues to increase, the need for talented and capable nurses will continue to grow. So, if you suspect that you or someone you know may be experiencing some of the signs and symptoms of burnout or have been for a while and finally want to understand why, then keep reading!The PhysicalLet’s start with the physical nature of being a nurse, which can take its toll on even the strongest and most resilient of individuals. It’s no secret that nurses often work extremely long and grueling hours. 12-hour shifts are not uncommon in the field, and the hours can be erratic- one day a nurse may be working a day shift and another overnight, depending on the need of the facility at which they work, which can really adversely affect sleep patterns and subsequent energy levels. This becomes especially problematic as nurses spend their workdays in physically demanding situations- on their feet, always on-the-go, often engaged in strenuous activity as they work to meet the diverse, and often critically important, needs of their patients. Now stretch out these intense physical demands over the course of an entire career, and it’s no wonder that being a nurse can lead to feelings of burnout.The MentalThe mental demands of being a nurse can be just as draining and problematic. Nurses constantly operate at a heightened level of stress and anxiety and must often make quick decisions regarding their patients that can have serious consequences. Many nurses spend their entire careers in high-pressure emergency situations, and deal with serious life and death situations day in and day out. Given all of these significant pressures, the reasons why nurses are prone to burnout should become abundantly clear.What to look forSome of the more common signs of burnout among nurses are constant fatigue that becomes increasingly hard to shake, a general listlessness and dwindling enthusiasm for the job, a mo od that increasingly reflects feelings of being overworked and under-appreciated, and a compromised effectiveness and ability when performing the various tasks associated with the job.If you or someone you know or work with is experiencing some or all of these symptoms, it’s in your best interest to take them seriously and not pretend they aren’t happening. There are resources available to help nurses deal with burnout- from services available through your employer to personal counseling and stress-reduction activities as well as support groups and more. Simply put, the work of nurses is too important to let burnout take hold and effect job performance. As a nurse, you are constantly in a position to take care of others. Don’t forget to take care of yourself too along the way!

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees Assignment

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees - Assignment Example Parents without adopted children think adoption is a simple process whereby the adopted child has only to seek truth about his or her true parentage. This is not the correct because the child experiences other emotional and psychological effects. In this article, the author outlines common feelings adopted kids have. They feelings include a sense of loss and grief over real parentage, lack of control over life, curiosity about family heritage, feels abandoned, guilt, and fear of rejection. In addition, the writer mentions that the adopted children thinks about how life would have been with the birth parents, feels angered by real parent or adoptive ones and feels unworthy of love and fear getting emotionally involved with other people. However, due to the difference in the adoption situation, some children do not experience the feelings since they are at peace with the adoptive parents. They are exceptional. Despite this, parents should work hard to help children learn and cope with the emotions accompanying adoption

Credit Card Fraud in the UK Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Credit Card Fraud in the UK - Research Paper Example In 1946, John Biggins’ introduced the first bank card called â€Å"Charge-It† which allowed account holders at Biggins bank located in Brooklyn to purchase. The bill is forwarded to Biggins and Biggins pay the merchant, then charge their account holders in return. In 1951, the same system was also adopted by Franklin National Bank in New York. Both systems worked the same but use was limited locally. Diners Club Card was introduced through the initiative of Frank McNamara and his partner Ralph Schneider. By 1951, there were about 20,000 cardholders of Diners Club (Woolsey and Gerson, 2009). It was estimated that the cost of credit card fraud in the United States amounts to around US$750-830 million in 2006 alone or globally at 7 cents per $100 transaction (Mercator Advisory Group, 2008). In 2007, it has been reported that estimate of losses caused by credit card fraud reached some $52.6 billion. Credit card fraud is the misuse of a credit card through theft or another payment system through the illegal source of funds with the purpose to obtain funds or goods without bearing the payment. Physical cards may be stolen or identity data and other relevant information may have been compromised to allow the commission of credit card fraud. Usually, the legitimate cardholder may not be aware of the fraud, and neither does the institution that issued the card (Levi, Bissell, and Richardson, 1991). The cardholder may only start to become aware of theft or fraud once a billing statement has been received which is not delivered daily or weekly, but usually every month (Levi, Bisse ll, and Richardson, 1991).

Object oriented programming with subclasses

Object oriented programming with subclasses Inheritance Polymorphism Given Person class definition below: class Person { private String name; Person(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getName() { return name; } } Design two subclasses of Person, named Student and Employee. Make Faculty and Staff subclasses of Employee. An instance of Student has a class status (freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior). Declare the status as constants in the Student class. An instance of Employee has a department, salary, and date-hired. Define a class named MyDate that contains fields of the year, month, and day. A faculty member has office hours and a rank (lecturer, senior lecturer, associate professor, and professor). A staff member has a position title. Override the toString() method in Person class to display the class name and the persons name. Student class to display class name, students name and class status. Employee class to display class name, employees name, and department Faculty class to display class name, employees name, office hours and rank Staff class to display class name, employees name, position title Draw a class diagram to represent the relationship of the classes above. Using Java to write and implement the classes with regard to the class diagram. Write a test program in Java that creates instances of Person, Student, Employee, Faculty, and Staff, and invokes their toString() method. Write another test program in Java that creates instances of Person, Student, Employee, Faculty, and Staff in an array of Object. Use a repetition statement to call its toString() method. Modify the classes in question (1) above: Add a package ctb2209.p7 to Person class, and then compile all the classes again. Explain the errors and fix it. Design a class named Square that contains data fields for height, width, and an abstract method named computeSurfaceArea(). Create a child class named Cube. Cube contains an additional data field named depth, and overrides computeSurfaceArea() method inherited from its parent method. Implement all the classes. Write an application that instantiates objects of Square and Cube in an array and displays the surface areas of each object using iteration, and test all the methods of all the objects. Create an abstract AutoMobile class with fields for the car make and price. Include get and set methods for these fields; the calculatePrice() method is abstract. Create two subclasses for individual automobile makers (for example, Ford or Honda), and include appropriate calculatePrice() method in each subclass (for example, RM110,000 or RM120,000 respectively). Finally, write an application that uses the AutoMobile class as reference type and instantiate objects of its subclasses to display information about different cars. Save the files as AutoMobile.java, Ford.java, Honda.java and UseAutoMobile.java. Create an interface called Player. The interface has an abstract method called play() that displays a message describing the meaning of play to the class. Create classes called Child, Musician, and Actor that implement Player interface. Create an application that demonstrates the use of the classes. Save the files as Player.java, Child.java, Actor.java, Musician.java, and UsePlayer.java. Sunway Construction Loan Corporate makes loans of up to RM100,000,000,000 for construction projects. There are two categories of Loans those to businesses and those to individual applicants. Write an application that tracks all new construction loans. The application must also calculate the total amount owed at the due date (original loan amount + loan fee). The application should include the following classes: LoanConstants A public interface class. LoanConstants includes constant values for short-term (one year), medium-term (three years), and long-term (five years) loans. It also contains constants for the company name and the maximum loan amount. Loan A public abstract class that implements the LoanConstants interface. A Loan includes a loan number, customer last name, amount of loan, interest rate, and term. The constructor requires data for each of the fields except interest rate. Do not allow loan amounts over RM100,000,000,000. Force any loan term that is not one of the three defined in the LoanConstants class to a short-term (one-year) loan. Create a toString() method that displays all the loan data. BusinessLoan A public class that extends Loan. The BusinessLoan constructor sets the interest rate to 1% over the current basic interest rate. PersonalLoan A public class that extends Loan. The PersonalLoan constructor sets the interest rate to 2% over the current basic interest rate. CreateLoans An application that creates an array of five Loans. Prompt that user for the current basic interest rate. Then, in a loop, prompt the user for a loan type and all relevant information for that loan. Store the created Loan objects in the array. When data entry is complete, display all the loans. Save the files as Loan.java, LoanConstants.java, BusinessLoan.java, PersonalLoan.java, and CreateLoans.java. [Note: java.util.Date and java.text.SimpleDateFormat may needed for your total amount owed at the due date calculation, you may look at the usage of format() and parse() methods of SimplateDateFormat class]

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Multimedia to Enhance Web Sites Cookies & Spyware

Developing websites not only require the knowledge and skills in setting it up in the World Wide Web, but also implementing some elements that help in realizing the purpose of the website, making it attractive and interactive. This aim may be achieved by utilizing multimedia tools and applications in developing the website. Educational website count on multimedia to motivate online users to learn, gaming websites rely on animations for appeal and entertainment, and radio shows available online depend on the quality of audio streaming.Although utilizing multimedia seems to be the most effective way to improve the dynamics of a website to realize its purpose and objectives, it still holds disadvantages both for web site developers, owners, and users. A multimedia website is a dynamic website that utilizes various media of communication and information exchange such as audio and video materials, audio-visual elements, and animations. The objective of injecting multimedia to websites is to improve services and increase its viewers by initially attracting them and keeping them engaged or involved through pure entertainment.It attracts wider populations of online users because it appeals to audio, visual, audio-visual, and kinesthetically motivated individuals. Since multimedia websites are visually attractive overall, first-time visitors become interested and are instantly involved with the elements of the website. (Multimedia Websites, 2005) Aside from these advantages, multimedia websites also allow faster and easier access to larger populations. Access to multimedia websites is not limited to a particular number of online users. Moreover, the content of websites is easily modified when multimedia elements are used.(Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types of Teaching Media that can be used in a Teleclassroom or on the Web, 2008)The disadvantage of multimedia websites lies in its planning, production, and maintenance stages. Establishing multimedia websites are costly and time-consuming. Website developers who utilize multimedia often require longer periods of time for preparation and development, while setting up multimedia websites require adequate amounts of resources. Maintenance is also key in making sure that the website functions efficiently at all times.However, website owners cannot maintain multimedia websites on their own. They need to require the services of website developers, which is again costly. For online users, it would probably discourage them to view multimedia websites because it takes much time for these websites to download. (Multimedia Websites, 2005) In order to harness the benefits and advantages of multimedia, website developers and owners should consider some important factors. Initially, website owners and developers should determine whether there is a need to utilize multimedia, or to utilize multimedia minimally or fully.This requires determining the purpose, goals and objectives, and content of the web site. Some websites should only use audio or visual elements while other sophisticated websites need to use audio-visual and animation elements. The best way to utilize multimedia effectively is to use it judiciously. Website owners and developers would not want to overwhelm online users with complex and overlapping multimedia structures and they do not want to bore them with plain colors and texts either. (Kit & Kuan, 2006)Learning to control the use of multimedia and knowing when it is appropriate to utilize it is a primary consideration. The time and available financial resources should also be considered. In general, multimedia should be used in developing website if the operator or owner operates on multimedia elements. For instance, radio shows made available online need to establish multimedia website on audio elements. Websites hosting videos, such as YouTube. com for instance, need to maintain audio-visual elements of their multimedia website. Gaming websites, on the other hand, need to utilize animations.One reason for utilizing multimedia in websites is when operators or owners need to do promotions and advertisements through audio, visual or audio-visual means. Another reason is if there is a need to increase user participation and population by targeting user attraction and involvement through multimedia. Compare and Contrast Cookies and Spyware Spyware is an application or data that stealthily manage to enter computer systems or networks to spy on information or computer commands or processes recorded in the computer. The purpose of spyware is to obtain information or data covertly.In addition, the characteristic of spyware is naturally malicious. A user cannot delete it completely because it attaches itself to the system and spies on all computer processes and transactions. Spyware may be used to commit cyber crimes such as identity theft, because it collects private data and information. For example, spyware may be used to collect online bankin g information. Collected data will be used to conduct malicious transactions. (Olsen, 2005) Cookies, on the other hand, are information stored within the computer system.However, cookies are simply recorded for retrieval of information. For instance, cookies may retrieve user names or passwords when logging-in visited websites. (Cookies – Not Spyware, 2008) Cookies, unlike spyware, do not steal but simply make data records (Olsen, 2005) Although cookies seem to be harmless, it may be used instantly to serve the purpose of spywares. This depends on how cookies will be manipulated. For instance, if two people are sharing in one computer, the other might view cookies installed in the computer to determine what websites the other person has been visiting.He may also be able to access private e-mails or accounts on other websites, if the cookies allow automatic user name and password retrieval, and such. Moreover, that person might be able to open online accounts using the persona l information of the other person who he is sharing the computer with. Therefore, although cookies are normally harmless, people might use them to accomplish malicious activities such as identity theft or invasion of privacy. (Cookies – Not Spyware, 2008)

Horrific Events Of Witch Trails - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1415 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Salem Witch Trials Essay Did you like this example? The town of Salem Massachusetts, was founded in 1626 by Roger and a group of migrants. The settlements first name was Naumkeag, but they name was too hard so they called it Salem. The word Salem comes from the hebrew word for peace. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Horrific Events Of Witch Trails" essay for you Create order Salem a small and peace full town right on the great Atlantic Sea. Little do people know but this small town has a very, very dark history, which will be a permanent stain in Americas history. The name that would go down in many of our history books would be the name Salem Witch Trial, these horrific events happened from February of 1692 to May of 1693. Over this course of time more 200 people would be accused of being witches. The first witch accusation was in 1692 when a doctor diagnosed 7 teenage girls as being bewitched. More than 200 people will be accused and 19 people will be executed from those accusations. This was not one of the first time there have been witch trials in massachusetts, there was a previous 12 others were executed in the early 17 century. But Salem was by far the worst and most famous. Despite being known as the Salem Witch Trials the preliminary hearings in 1692 were conducted in several towns some were in Salem Village, Salem Town, Ipswich and Andover. The most famous trials were conducted in the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town. Some people believe that there was so much hysteria because of their religious beliefs the town of Salem was a Puritan town they had very strong religious beliefs. A famous trial, and one of the first was the Sarah good trial. Sarah good was born in 1653 and was a daughter of a well off innkeeper. When her father died 1672 he left the family in debut. Her mother quickly married to a new husband, and paid off the debut, but as a result most of the family which were 2 sons and 7 daughter most of which never saw and of their late fathers estate. Sarah good married a former endenchered servant Daniel Poole. Poole died in in 1682 and left Sarah in more debut. Sarah then married her second husband William Good and he was held responsible for paying off her debuts his land was taken and Sarah and William became homeless. Sarah was one of the first 3 woman to be accused of witchcraft in Salem. She was charged with witchcraft after being identified as a witch by Tituba. She Fit the prevailing stereotype of of the malefic witch. Sarah Good would curse out towns people who would not give to her when she would beg on the streets. This brought in a lot of t estaments against her during her trial. The worst part of this trial was when Sarahrs child Dorcas Good, she was arrested and gave a confession which implicated Sarah as a witch. During the trail Sarah was described as forlorn and friendless and a broken down creature. Sarah was presumed guilty from the beginning of the trial and the courts mind was made up even before the trail started. Sarah Good was executed in July 19. In the Sarah good trial it there was no real evidence against her beside fingers being pointed at her. In my opinion they just accused her as a witch because they just wanted to get rid of her, the towns people didnt like and she was homeless and a bum. They just used the opportunity to get rid of her. Plus since the town of Salem were heavy believer in the puritan religion that it was easy to convince the town she was a sinner for being a witch. Another famous trail was the trail of Rebback nurse, this trail was one of the Salem Witch trials most famous and well known events. Rebback was a 71 year old grandmother, wife and local artisan. Rebback was arrested on March 24, 1692 after she was accused of being a witch. At the age of 71 she was accused of being a witch. Rebback was also sisters with a accused witch whose name was Mary Easty. Unlike Sarah Good Rebback was considered an upstanding citizen in Salem. She was accused of witchcraft by a woman whose name was Ann Putnam Jr and Abigail William and several others in Salem Village, Including the towns Reverend Deodat Lawson, who sai d Nursers spirit had been tormenting Ann Putnamrs home. During the trail which happened in June of 1692 Rebback nurse was found not guilty. This verdict was found not surprising to many because she was well liked and was upstanding. Also 39 people signed a petition to support her during her trial. But after the judge read the not guilty verdict the accusers of Rebback Nurse started to have fits and started to cry out her name. Then when Goody Hobbs was on trail he said Rebback nurse was one of them witch to the court meant she was a witch. Rebback Nurse wrote a statement saying she was one of them being a prisoner not a one of them being a witch. Then on July 3 1692 Rebback Nurse was arrested again after she was just freed and was convicted of being a witch. She was taken to the front of the local church for a public excommunicated. Which is essentially a public exacation. Later that night her son rowed out into the bay to claim his mothers body so she could have a proper christian burial. Like many witches there was no real actual eviden ce against her besides a group of people just accusing her of being a witch. Manu believe that Rebback Nurse and the Putnam family had a family feud and that they falsely accused her in the beginning. They just wanted to win there silly feud. That was the scary part about these times you could virtually just say someone was a witch and they would be arrested and executed. These punishment were only extreme because of the religion at the time and the hastara around the witch trial. The Salem Witch trials were one of Americas darkest times in our history. There have been many theories and conspiracies around these events. One conspiracy is that the first victim of witchCraft was actual suffering from epilepsy and or boredom to ergot poisoning(due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus that infects rye), that is one of researches most suspected theories to the beginning of these event. Others say that many of the so called victims could have just fakes there symptoms for any number of reasons like a feud between families to almost anything. The second most common one is that a number of victims could have been suffering from a number of mental ailments. These was called mass conversion disorder it was a psychological disorder that was said to make a return 300 years after the trails. This could occur when people minds are in such mental anguish for any number of reasons that there mental ailments become physical. Hense cause t he shaking and foaming at the mouth and sickness. The results of the trails were quite surprising, Judge Samuel Sewall publicly confessed error and guilt. In 1702 the court declared the trails unlawful, and in 1711 the colony passed a bill restoring the rights and good names of those accused and granted 600 to their heirs. It was not until 1957 more than 250 years later that the Massachusetts apologized for the events of 1692. Which I think is quiet observed and seems a bit shameful that it took hundreds of year for them to apologize. The Salem Witch trials were a dark day in American history. These trials can be an example of exactly how powerful religion can be and was back in the 1600rs. In my opinion religion was the main cause for the mass hysteria, the people of Salem didnt did have the medilogical knowledge to explain it so society blamed it on religion. It could easily be backed up because the area at the time including Salema and surrounding towns had strong Puritans connections and beliefs. They could just blame someone and say they were a witch and didnt believe in Puritans beliefs and the court which was Puritans had no guilt handing out death sentences, plus the people usually accused were considered town charity cases and beggars and noises to the town much like Sarah Good. In conclusion I think there was no need for these trails and loss for human life and the 200 plus people accused of witchcraft should have lived.