The s Theory Of Biological Naturalism - 937 Words

In this paper I analyze the statement, â€Å"To me, the forest looks a deep shade of green,† from a functionalist perspective, and discuss how it provides a sufficient and an insufficient account of conscious mental phenomena. Functionalism claims that mental states are nothing but functional, causal relations between elements in the brain, such as beliefs and desires, and the external world. First, I analyze the given statement from a functionalist stance. Then, I discuss possible objections to functionalism focusing on the notion of â€Å"qualia† and John Searle’s notion of the Background. Finally, I shall conclude with an analysis on Searle’s theory of biological naturalism, illustrating how it successfully accounts for consciousness and mental states. According to functionalism, mental states are causal states that do not depend on the internal constitution of a particular system, but are defined by their functional roles in the system. It posits that consciousness is equivalent to biological processes that takes appropriate input to cause output behavior. Moreover, because mental states are independent of a system’s internal constitution, the theory permits organisms with non-human physiology to have mental states, as long as they function causally. Hence, the functionalist analysis: the organism in any physical state, visually perceives the forest, which causes a belief in the organism that the forest is a deep shade of green, which in turn functions causally when combined withShow MoreRelatedReductive Materialism792 Words   |  4 PagesReductive Materialism: Reductive materialism is a sub theory or a version of Physicalism. It suggests that sensations of the mind correlate exactly to physical movements of the brain. In other words, every thought or experience which occurs in your mind, can be found as activity in your brain. 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These feelings were fortified by Nazi propaganda blamingRead MoreOn Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie from the Perspective of Naturalism7135 Words   |  29 PagesON THEODORE DREISER’S SISTER CARRIE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NATURALISM by Qiu Yanhong June, 2007 Xiaogan University Abstract Theodore Dreiser is an outstanding writer in American literary history .Writing in naturalist style; he created a new era of American literature and influenced a good many contemporary writers as well as his followers. Sister Carrie is regarded as the masterpiece of Theodore Dreiser’sRead MoreEssay on The Philosophy of Cognitive Science2158 Words   |  9 Pagesmixture. But how can two different substances interact in a unique and total substance called man? This question is called the MBP. The dualist theories of mind are based on the cartesian dualism. The British philosopher of the Oxford Group, Gilbert Ryle, in the book The concept of Mind (1949), had drawn fundamental critics to the dualist theories. Ryle utilized the analytic examination of natural language that makes possible the deconstruction of what he called the DescartesMyth . The main

The True Meaning of My Paper Writer

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Evaluation of Three Lesson Plan Templates for ELT Free Essays

Teaching English as a Second Language (ELT) is a demanding job that is currently experiencing too few teachers to fill the jobs out there.   As more and more foreign students enter United States Schools, experienced teachers will be needed to fill these slots.   Thus, training ELT teachers is of the utmost concern for education departments in colleges and universities throughout the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation of Three Lesson Plan Templates for ELT or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Clearly, tools, strategies and support must be made available to these new teachers so that they can focus their time on teaching the students.   A good lesson plan template will go a long way in easing the burden on the ELT teacher. This essay will focus on the three lesson plan templates submitted for instructing ELT classes.   These templates will be analyzed and evaluated for the following components:   1) identification of lesson and objectives 2) strategies and methods, 3) equipment and materials needed, 4) use of technology, 5) reinforcement and enrichment, 6) structural format, 7) overall efficiency of use. These criteria are important in the development of a viable lesson plan and will aid new ELT teachers in preparing thorough and appropriate lessons.   After that, the lesson plans will be assessed based on their strengths and weaknesses followed by some overall suggestions for improvement for both the individual lesson plan templates and for all three templates together. General Description Visually this lesson plan provides a large writing space with topic indicators down the left hand margin, except for the date and time in the upper right hand corner.   This lesson identifies the basic class/date/time information.   Then it provides a spot for aims and new lexis.   It then provides a spot for needed equipment, materials and preparation before class begins.   Then the plan gives a two columned table for the method of the lesson and the time it will take.   Finally, the plan gives a spot for the homework and comments on the lesson. Strengths The strengths of this lesson include its inclusion of the new words to learn, which is important to the ELT classroom and the initial mention of the aims, which we can assume are the objectives.   The timing out of each part of the lesson on the table is also important.   One of the most valuable parts of the plan is its reflection section at the bottom.   Comments on the lesson are vital to reworking it for the next presentation. Weaknesses This lesson plan is spaced oddly.   It does not provide enough room for the method section.  Ã‚   Organization seems a bit off as well.   The equipment and materials separate the method of the lesson from its aims and new words of study.   It is hard to tell from the methods section what exactly will be happening; this leaves a lot for the teacher to write in on a daily basis. Suggestions for Improvement I would move the Methods section up under the Aims and New Lexis subheadings.   This way, the entire lesson is presented as a unit rather than broken up by the materials and equipment needed.  Ã‚   I would also consider moving the Before the Class heading to the top, so that it can be completed the day before.   After that, the lesson is still linear.   Also consider this – if the lesson always contains a section for, say, oral repetition of new words followed by visual images of the words, these two subheadings could be typed in to save time in writing out the lesson plan. General Description This lesson plan template uses six horizontal boxes. The first contains basic information like class, room number, date, time and length of lesson.   The second box is dedicated to the aims of the ELT process and includes four categories of these aims:   functional, structural, phonological and skills aims.   Then, the third box lists materials; the fourth box lists aids; and the fifth box provides for an evaluation of the procedure. Strengths The physical layout is very attractive and appropriate for showing clear divisions in the plan.   The separation of the lesson aims into categories is important and reminds the teacher that each lesson needs to meet each of these four components in order to make sure the ELT student fully grasps the concept being taught.   Again, a spot to evaluate the lesson, or components of it, is vital for future planning, and ample space is given for the teacher to do so in this particular lesson plan template. Weaknesses This lesson plan seems to misappropriate the use of space.   It seems that the largest amount of space should go to describing the lesson aims and method, but this does not happen here.   In fact, there is not place listed to describe the actual process and procedure of the lesson plan itself.   There is nothing to indicate what will be happening specifically during the class.   I am not sure how the word aids differs from materials, so this might be unnecessarily repetitive and take up space from other necessary information. Suggestions for Improvement This lesson plan must add a section for specifying each activity and the anticipated time for it.   Without that, there is no way to evaluate how well the lesson went and what changes might be made to it.   The first box is way too large.   That can be condensed by half. General Description The third lesson plan template takes the form of five vertical columns. Above the columns are spots for the general data of class, overall aim, date and time.   Beneath the columns are spaces to list homework and an evaluation of the lesson.   The six columns are labeled as follows:   Activity, Materials and Aids, Time Needed, Skills to be Practised, and Problems Anticipated. Strengths The vertical columns suggest a very linear organization.   Each activity listed in the first column can be tracked across each column, leaving no question as to the distinct identity of each separate activity.   This is the only lesson plan to do this.   Also, the spot to anticipate problems is also very insightful, as lessons rarely go as expected.   Once again, the teacher has a place to evaluate his or her lessons. Weaknesses Again, I think the order of the presentation is a little inefficient.   A reordering of the columns is suggested below.   Also, only one spot is given for an overall aim.   However, most lessons have additional, more specific goals and objectives as well. Suggestions for Improvement I would order the columns in the following way:   Time Needed, Activity, Skills, Materials, and Problems.   This seems to flow natural and will keep the teacher from backtracking.   I would also add a spot for more lesson-specific objectives in addition to the larger, overall aim. Overall Evaluation All of the lesson plans present are an excellent start in preparing a template to use in the ELT classroom.   However, a few additions might improve all of the lesson plans.   As a matter of housekeeping, it is a good idea to have a spot for students who are absent.   That way, make up materials can be collected and distributed very easily without the need to cross check the lesson plan with the attendance book. Next, I would suggest that a spot be added to each lesson plan for reinforcement and for enrichment.   It is entirely possible that some students will need additional work on the basic goals and aims while others master them quickly.   Thus, the reinforcement activities can re-teach the lesson to those slower to grasp it while the enrichment activities can give more challenging work to those that picked up the material faster than others.     Everyone will stay busy while the teacher focuses on those that are struggling. Most educators suggest reserving a spot at the beginning of the plan for review of previous material and again at the end of the plan to review the day’s lesson and preview the next day.   It is easy to forget these things; they can be very easily written into the plan.   One blaring omission in all three of the lesson plans was the omission of the use of technology. While this might be listed under materials, I believe that technology use, especially in the ELT classroom, is an integral part in lesson planning. Audio lessons, video lessons, even lessons on PowerPoint or computer programs used by the students are all significant strategies for students learning a second language.   It is a flaw to omit this design in the lesson plan as many teacher evaluation and certification instruments specifically seek them. Finally, it is always best to have as much space available as one can to write in.   I would suggest that the teachers widen the margins on the documents to that more information can be written in the spaces.  Ã‚     While the lesson plan is best kept to one page, the more writing that the teacher can neatly put on that one page, the better.   It is better to have too much information on the page than not enough. Organization is the key to success for all teachers, and especially the teachers of ELT.   Once the children enter the classroom, there is now time to try to make sense of a confusing or poorly written plan.   Not every plan will work for every teacher, so it may take some time to hit upon the very best template. The best advice is to have a space to write in things you do every day, such as review, homework, preview, reflection etc.   That way you will not forget to include that segment in your lesson.   It is important to keep track of time so that the class time will never be wasted.   Finally, the more specific the plan is, the easier it is to teach. Each of these three plans is certainly on track and with a few minor modifications, they will be ready to use in the classroom.                                                 How to cite Evaluation of Three Lesson Plan Templates for ELT, Essay examples

Motorola Essays - Motorola, Schaumburg, Illinois, Lenovo Smartphones

Motorola Since it first entered the competitive electronic firm market, Motorola has continued to remain successfully as a world leader in mobile communication technology, ranking as the leading maker of cellular telephones, paging devices, automotive semi-conductors, and microchips that are used to operate devices other than computers. Although it has lost a few battles, Motorola has taken on the Japanese head to head, through these times of Japanese competition. In the 1980's Motorola controlled the emerging U.S, Market for cellular phones and pagers but they weren't aggressively focused on competing with the Japanese, even though Japanese firms began to flood the U.S. market with low-priced, high-quality telephones and pagers, leaving Motorola pushed into the background. This is when Motorola ?heard the call to battle.? Managers at first were not sure how they should respond, so they originally decided to abandon some business areas and even considered merging their own semiconductor operations with those of Toshiba. After a lot of searching they decided to fight back and regain the firm's lost market position. This fight involved two main strategies: First learn from the Japanese, and then compete with them. To carry out these strategies, Motorola executives decided to to set a number of broad based goals that essentially committed the firm to lowering costs, improving quality, and regaining lost market share. Managers were then sent out on missions, mainly focused on Japan, to learn how to compete better. Some manager even observed Motorola's own Japanese operations to learn and understand how it fully functioned; while others focused more on how other successful Japanese firms operated. At the same time, the firm also drastically boosted its budget, R&D, and employee training worldwide. One important thing that executives learned from their trip to Japan after viewing a flag flying outside one of its plants was that they had altogether forgotten their old ways of doing business and this is the exact point where they decided to reinvent their firm from top to bottom. Old plants were closed as new ones were built. Workers received new training with a wide range of quality-enhancement techniques. They decided to place their new commitment to quality at the forefront of everything it did. They even decided to announced their goal of achieving a perfection rate of 99.9997% (Six Sigma), and when they actually achieved this level of quality they received the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Motorola has been continuously successful especially abroad in Japan. The firm has 20 offices and has more than 3,000 employees there. It is currently number three in market share there both in pagers and cellular telephones but is steadily approaching number two. Worldwide, Motorola controls 45% of the total market for these products, have regained its number two position in semiconductor sales, and is furiously launching as many new productions that seem to baffle its competitors. Today Motorola generates more than 56% of its revenues abroad. Major new initiatives are underway in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe and the firm has currently made headway in Western Europe against rivals Philips and Thomsom. Motorola has set new and staggering goals for itself. It wishes to take quality to the point where defects will be measured related to billions rather millions. It wants to cut its cycle time tenfold every ten years. And by this year, Motorola wanted over 75% of its revenues to come from foreign markets. Even though Motorola has established and proven itself as a successful company, they have their strengths and weaknesses like every other company. Motorola's strengths are its net sales, its innovation, and marketing and software development. Their passion, openness of executives, Acquisitions, mergers, and business alliances are also part of Motorola's Strengths. Weaknesses of Motorola are the overall quality of its operations, products, and business practices. They seem to generate unhappy consumers and have poor consumer relations. Their products seem to have high numbers of defects while Motorola itself is viewed as being inefficient and has a reputation of lacking a strategy. There also have low employee education, training, motivation, and morale, which is an extremely important aspect. Opportunities that Motorola has are that they can learn from the Japanese, have untapped market opportunities around the world. They also have the

Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2

Aging in America Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2 Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2 Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay part 2Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay   part  1The costs of caregivingAs their everyday life changes drastically, caregivers face time, work and money loses, putting them into conflict with the surrounding environment. Thus, the US Federal Program providing health insurance to the elderly and special care for them accounts for over 10% of country’s GDP (The National Alliance for Caregiving, 2009). Though medical expenses not covered by insurance companies often are not taxed (like mileage of car trips to a doctor or clinic; prescription drugs and medical equipment, the cost of some meals, etc.), families and those caring for the elderly people still often pay out a lot of expenses of their own pocket, and these costs never get covered by insurance plans. For example, as â€Å"Valuing the Invaluable† research (AARP Public Policy Institute, 2011) states, the value of informal caregiving in 2011 excee ded the value of paid home care at almost $450 billion, which was more than total Medicaid spending in 2009.Besides, 70% of caregivers simultaneously suffer work-related problems due to their caregiving roles (Coughlin, 2010, p. 355), which forces them to reorganize their schedule, decrease working hours, use FMLA law to take a 12-week unpaid forced leave, refuse from a promotion, retire early, or even fully give up work (Gordon et al., 2012; Lai, 2012; Wang, et al. 2013). As a result, according to 10 million caregivers aged over 50 lose nearly $3 trillion having faced the loss of wages, health insurance, retirement savings, social security and other possible or potential benefits (Earle Heymann, 2012, p. 363), whereas the costs of absenteeism are even higher for the U.S. economy, being estimated at over $25 billion due to productivity loss (Witters, 2011). On a whole, approximately 17% of full-time workers who provide care to the elderly skip 126 million workdays annually (Wang, e t al. 2013, p. 1054).Instead, according to AARP Public Policy Institute (2011), caregivers spend on average 20.4 hours per week providing care, while for those who live with the care recipient, this figure is even greater and reaches 39.3 hours per week. In the long term, only 30% of caregivers provide care for less than one year, while in most cases the average duration of caregiving exceeds 4,5 years, with 15% cases of caring for 10 or more years (Lai, 2012). The growth of caregiving duties leads to the significant reduction of caregivers’ private time for habitual activities by 27%, which often presents a several times stronger effect on their personal and family life than the effect on employment (Coughlin, 2010, p. 462). These facts move us to discussing the inner conflicts caregivers experience while performing their roles.Positive and negative aspects of caregiving: Love and sympathy vs. stress and burdenEveryday care for an elderly recipient can bring valuable experie nce but at the same time be a stressful and difficult task. As it was mentioned above, helping the elderly cope with the hardships of aging and life-threatening diseases, caregivers are often put under pressure of demands from work and family along with the emotional, physical, financial and spiritual shock.On the one hand, providing care and assistance bring a feeling of satisfaction and of fulfillment. In particular, it was found by Carbonneau et al. (2010) that 55-90% of family members caring for an elderly relative find in their role some aspects that bring them moral satisfaction. Among others, there are moments of unity, great fun, common insights into the past, vivid memories, close relationships with the elderly forged due to more spare time found for socializing. In caring for elderly relatives, another positive side is the possibility to take care of those you love, those you had lived under the same roof with for quite a while and shared all the hardships of life. Thanks to the efforts of caregivers, family member will look nice, wear one’s own clothes and live in one’s own house, which brings joy to caregivers themselves. Some respondents believe that the implementation of these requirements is a fairly easy thing to do, but as Carbonneau et al. (2010, p. 335) rightfully mark, this lasts until the elderly persons starts showing the symptoms of dementia.Indeed, providing care and assistance for the elderly is not a static process, because this person’s needs change along with the changes in the state of one’s health. At the same time, care recipients inevitably dependent on their caregiver, and consequently, they are vulnerable in terms of attitude and quality of the care and assistance provided by the particular person, while the caregiving process involves continuous change and adaptation in the relationships and in the role of guardian. In particular, in the case of acute disorders or long and intensive care for the el derly many caregivers cannot do without the help of other people with whom they could share (or delegate) their duties. It is, therefore, not surprising that becoming a caregiver a person often raises difficult personal issues of responsibility and duty, compliance with requirements and feeling of guilt which often not only increase the direct load, but also bring indirect effects. For example, as it was fixed by Lai (2010), Lee and Tang (2013), Coughlin (2010), and Gordon (2012), caregiver’s private time is significantly reduced, one is forced to spend energy and funds which could be directed to satisfy other vital needs, moreover, the role of the caregiver can have a negative influence on professional work, social life and relationships with others.Taking into account the extra energy, time and efforts required for patient care, along with emotional loading and significant impact on the support system, it is easy to understand why many caregivers believe that this role sign ificantly affects their welfare. Increasing number of studies on the effect of patient care over the past 20 years allows a deeper understanding of the state of caregivers and provides a solid foundation for individual assessment and intervention in each case. By now, experts have realized and structured the difficulties faced by caregivers treating sick relatives, moreover, statutes and guidelines have been developed that recommend or require paying attention to the needs of caregivers.Thus, several studies (Alzheimer’s Association, 2011; Carbonneau et al., 2010; Lai, 2010) have found that over a third of people taking care of their elderly relatives with dementia experience excessive stress, suffer from depression or other mental illness. They also report of more frequent communicational misunderstandings than people of the same age who are not engaged in care; moreover, in Holstein’s (2010) opinion, these group of caregivers has worse physical health and they take m ore drugs prescribed by doctor than the sample of people matched to them by age. Caregivers with elderly relatives have difficulty in coping with stress, and this becomes the main factor influencing the decision to place them in care homes (Brank Wylie, 2014).Using the latest data, Funk and Stajduhar (2009) have developed a descriptive longitudinal phasic model of care and assistance, based on information from interviews with caregivers supporting people with various stages of dementia. The authors identify the six stages of this model implying: replying on the past; recognizing the needs; accepting the challenge; addressing it; achieving goals; starting over. The basic process of â€Å"stress-assessment-overcoming† (stress recognition and assessment, evaluation of resources and ways to overcome the stress, start of action and its evaluation) occurs at each of these stages. This model encourages doctors to consider the caregiver â€Å"career† in dynamics and adapt the necessary intervention to the appropriate stage of the process. A completely different model was proposed by Bialon and Coke (2012): in their view, caregiver should be guided by the basic, perhaps not clearly expressed, set of beliefs. These beliefs along with the needs of the care recipient affect the goals and objectives of the caregiver. Then the goals and objectives define the set of practical actions and behavior overtaken by the caregiver accompanied by the corresponding emotions and experiences. The advantage of this model is that it focuses on the role of core beliefs and values, and broadmindedness. This makes this model applicable to different circumstances of the caregiver and allows developing interventions corresponding to particular moment, not focusing on stress and onerous duties.When assessing the degree of stress manifestation in a caregiver, it is important to differentiate between objective and subjective burden. As Brannen and Petite (2008) state, objective bur den is the amount of practical support (or work) the caregiver is to provide (or execute) depending on the need of the care recipient in it. Subjective burden is the emotional and cognitive reaction of the caregiver to the situation, as caregivers depending on their interpretation of their own situation may differently perceive the same amount of care work based on tasks they need be fulfill (i.e., the objective burden).Probably the most famous interview to assess the burden is the one designed by Zarit in 1980 (cited in Holstein et al., 2010). It is a questionnaire of 29 items for self-completion and is designed to assess subjective burden. In the original study, the study sample was medium-sized (n=29), and consisted entirely of persons who provided care for relatives with memory problems. The range of possible responses from â€Å"not at all† to â€Å"extremely† is not clearly defined, psychometric features and construct validity of the scale is not clear. Neverthel ess, its face validity is high, it is suitable for caregivers and is widely used. In a carefully executed review of 53 studies on the care of the elderly people with cognitive impairments Bedard and colleagues found that the burden assessment interview (Zarit) (or the value obtained when using it) was used in 25 (47%) studies (Holstein et al., 2010). Conversely, the scale applied by Brank and Wylie (2014) allows estimating the degree of objective and subjective burden of stress caused in a caregiver by a variety of factors. Both scales are long and detailed, therefore they provide detailed reflection of the picture of the support given, as well as the reaction of a caregiver to every aspect of one’s role. Thus, Behavioral Assessment Scale of Later Life is primarily used to assess the behavior, and it does not contain psychometric tests as a component reflecting the response of a person providing care to a sick relative. Nevertheless, it gives a fairly complete picture of the individual and may provide a clinical picture useful for targeted interventions reducing the stress. Carers’ Assessment of Difficulties Scale contains quite good psychometric features and the results allow distinguishing stress experienced in each of the five spheres (for example, the difficulties of providing assistance in everyday routine, and the difficulties associated with caregiver support network). It does not specify the stressors affecting directly the changes in relationships.It is good to know not only the kind of assistance provided by individuals and how it affects their emotional state, but also how they cope with the stress. Bialon and Coke (2012), as well as Brannen and Petite (2008) developed a list of questions, applying Caregivers’ Assessment of Managing Index (CAMI), which allows getting a description (from the words of the caregiver) of methods with which the one copes with stress, and assess whether they are useful when used along with the Caregiv ers’ Assessment of Difficulties Index. Funk and Stajduhar (2009) also developed a scale of ways to overcome the stress associated with care giving that can be used to find out which methods caregivers prefer. It consists of three subscales that reflect different ways of coping with stress.On a whole, stressfulness, manageability and satisfaction level of experiences perceived by a caregiver depend on several factors related to 1) the care recipient (severity of disorders; patients’ behavior), 2) the caregiver and relationships with the patient, and 3) family circumstances. The ability to find meaning in a particular situation allows many caregivers to continue to carry out their responsibilities and get a feeling of satisfaction from them. Research results and opinions of modern authors suggest that caregivers who are able to use different ways to cope with stress adapt to the demands of treatment easier. Some believe that problems solution and active coping with stres s enhance the level of psychological well-being, whereas avoidance or coping with stress through emotional reactions lead to less effective adaptation.Radical forms of conflict: violence against the elderlyViolence against the elderly is another serious social problem that is often left unnoticed. Although this phenomenon is not new, the pace of population aging around the world raise concerns about the fact that the frequency, incidence and complexity of the abuse of elderly people can grow as well. Globally, the number of cases of mistreatment of the elderly is projected to increase, as many countries have a rapidly aging population, whose needs cannot be met adequately due to limited resources. The situation is aggravated by the fact that, in most cases, older people completely depend on their offenders.Basing in Daly (2011) and Anetzberger (2012), the concept of violence in this case often involves intentional or unintentional neglect of duty of care, such as providing inadequat e levels of nutrition, personal care, health care or communication, unwillingness to be next to an old and weak person. In particular, gerontophobic-minded people like the elderly only as long as they can bring at least some benefit. Once there is none, the question occurs of isolation and delimitation of a useless person. There have been also observed extreme instances of gerontophobia when people stop feeding the elderly, do not let them go anywhere or even kick out of the house (World Health Organization, 2011).However, gerontologists have a definite opinion: if an elderly person does not pose a threat to others, one must live in society (Daly, 2011; Anetzberger, 2012). The mistreatment of elderly people entails a number of consequences for both individuals and societies. Victims of such treatment often experience great suffering, and emotionally might never completely recover from the trauma. The person may suffer from an overwhelming feeling of insecurity, disease, anxiety or d epression. According to UNESC (2012), maltreatment, including neglect, also leads to a stronger dependence in executing daily living activities, more frequent visits to trauma services, higher levels of mortality and self-destructive behavior of elderly people suffering from ill-treatment, which may even lead to suicide. For the elderly people the consequences of violence can be particularly serious because they have more fragile bones that take longer to recover. At the level of the society, maltreatment is associated with increased direct costs of health care, case detection and personnel training, as well as indirect costs associated with the loss of social capital and weakening of the ability of people to make a productive contribution to society (World Health Organization, 2011).At the same time, there is no publicly available data about the mistreatment of the elderly that would allow a comparison on an international scale, which complicate the sufficient understanding of the magnitude of the problem, and tracking its trends. In addition, the mistreatment of elderly people remains a taboo subject within their community, and they usually remain silent fearing of explosion of the family member, deprivation of care or placement in a nursing home against their will. As Anetzberger (2012) states, elderly people who have suffered from abuse are usually torn between the feelings they have for their oppressors and the desire to speak about such treatment. Moreover, the identification of abuse of persons with disabilities or reduced capacity for work, for example, Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia, may be even more complex, as these people might not be able to express their need for support (Daly, 2011; Alzheimer’s Association, 2011). That is why, even in countries where reporting of mistreatment is obligatory the magnitude of data underestimation can be significant. According to WHO (2011), the information about the mistreatment are un derestimated by at least 80%. WHO (2011) estimates that about 4-6% of the elderly are subjected to one or another form of ill-treatment at home.Some countries are trying to better understand the current situation by conducting the surveys using different data sources and methodology. For example, France uses the data of national hotline calls for the offended elderly people as an indicator of the actual incidence of abuse. In 2011, the service received 3,850 calls with messages about mistreatment of the elderly, with 75% of reports concerned persons living at home. Extrapolation of these figures shows that maltreatment in France occurs in a ratio of 5% of those aged 65 and older, and 15% of those aged 75 years and older, which corresponds to no less than 600 thousand people (Anetzberger, 2012, p. 15-16). Another noteworthy example is an international study on abuse and health of elderly people in Europe, conducted among persons aged 60-84 in seven European countries (Germany, Greece , Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain and Sweden). The study found that 19.4% of surveyed elderly people suffered from psychological abuse, 2.7% from physical, 0.7% from sexual, 3.8% from financial, and 0.7% from injuries (World Health Organization, 2011). In general, there is an obvious necessity to improve the accessibility of reliable national and international data as a basis for the development of evidence-based policy.Aging in America: Adult Caregiving Conflict essay   part 3

Nearly 25% of nurses are burned out and here is why

Nearly 25% of nurses are burned out and here is why Calling all nurses: Are you working hard and â€Å"feeling the burn?† No, not from too much activity, but from burnout. If so, then you should take it seriously- burnout is a serious condition that can impact your ability to perform the essential tasks of your job, as well as your physical and mental well-being- both in the short-term and throughout your career. If you’re a nurse and you’re feeling burned out lately, the truth is you’re not alone. Available estimates Indicate that nearly 25% of active nurses are coping with some level of burnout while on the job. Despite being a rewarding and professionally challenging career path with plenty of options and opportunities, the nature of the work nurses do means that they’re particularly prone to experiencing professional burnout at some level, and many nurses are left wondering why this seems like an unavoidable side effect of the job.It’s an especially important topic to address because as pe ople continue to live longer and the median age of the population continues to increase, the need for talented and capable nurses will continue to grow. So, if you suspect that you or someone you know may be experiencing some of the signs and symptoms of burnout or have been for a while and finally want to understand why, then keep reading!The PhysicalLet’s start with the physical nature of being a nurse, which can take its toll on even the strongest and most resilient of individuals. It’s no secret that nurses often work extremely long and grueling hours. 12-hour shifts are not uncommon in the field, and the hours can be erratic- one day a nurse may be working a day shift and another overnight, depending on the need of the facility at which they work, which can really adversely affect sleep patterns and subsequent energy levels. This becomes especially problematic as nurses spend their workdays in physically demanding situations- on their feet, always on-the-go, often engaged in strenuous activity as they work to meet the diverse, and often critically important, needs of their patients. Now stretch out these intense physical demands over the course of an entire career, and it’s no wonder that being a nurse can lead to feelings of burnout.The MentalThe mental demands of being a nurse can be just as draining and problematic. Nurses constantly operate at a heightened level of stress and anxiety and must often make quick decisions regarding their patients that can have serious consequences. Many nurses spend their entire careers in high-pressure emergency situations, and deal with serious life and death situations day in and day out. Given all of these significant pressures, the reasons why nurses are prone to burnout should become abundantly clear.What to look forSome of the more common signs of burnout among nurses are constant fatigue that becomes increasingly hard to shake, a general listlessness and dwindling enthusiasm for the job, a mo od that increasingly reflects feelings of being overworked and under-appreciated, and a compromised effectiveness and ability when performing the various tasks associated with the job.If you or someone you know or work with is experiencing some or all of these symptoms, it’s in your best interest to take them seriously and not pretend they aren’t happening. There are resources available to help nurses deal with burnout- from services available through your employer to personal counseling and stress-reduction activities as well as support groups and more. Simply put, the work of nurses is too important to let burnout take hold and effect job performance. As a nurse, you are constantly in a position to take care of others. Don’t forget to take care of yourself too along the way!

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees Assignment

Effects Of Adoption On Young Adoptees - Assignment Example Parents without adopted children think adoption is a simple process whereby the adopted child has only to seek truth about his or her true parentage. This is not the correct because the child experiences other emotional and psychological effects. In this article, the author outlines common feelings adopted kids have. They feelings include a sense of loss and grief over real parentage, lack of control over life, curiosity about family heritage, feels abandoned, guilt, and fear of rejection. In addition, the writer mentions that the adopted children thinks about how life would have been with the birth parents, feels angered by real parent or adoptive ones and feels unworthy of love and fear getting emotionally involved with other people. However, due to the difference in the adoption situation, some children do not experience the feelings since they are at peace with the adoptive parents. They are exceptional. Despite this, parents should work hard to help children learn and cope with the emotions accompanying adoption